Abstract
ABSTRACT Studies related to nitrogen fertilization and biological nitrogen fixation in the increase of chickpea production are considered scarce in tropical regions. This work aimed to evaluate the inoculation with Rhizobium tropici, and nitrogen fertilization, under irrigated tropical conditions, on the development of chickpea in low and high content of soil organic matter (SOM). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four replications, in a 2 x 6 factorial scheme. Treatments, consisted of the presence and absence of inoculation with R. tropici, and six N doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg ha-1) in the form of urea. The study was divided into two areas with distinct contents of SOM. In the area with the lowest content of SOM (3.55 dag kg-1), the inoculation with R. tropici or the fertilization with 125 kg ha-1 N increased the leaf content of nutrients (N, K, Mg, and P) and grain mass per plant, 100-grain mass, number of pods with two grains, dry mass of leaves, branches, chlorophyll index, and relative agronomic efficiency. Thus, the yield was increased in 65%, compared to the control treatment, recommending the application of 100 to 125 kg ha-1 of N with or without R. tropici. In the area with the highest content of SOM (7.37 dag kg-1), the inoculation with R. tropici provided a higher grain mass per plants, number of pods with one gain, dry mass of leaves, total dry mass, and chlorophyll index; nitrogen fertilization increased the leaf content of N and the chlorophyll index, although neither factor interfered with the yield, and are not recommended. Such results indicate the dependence of the nitrogen fertilization and inoculation with Rhizobium on the natural availability of N in the SOM.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
In low-SOM soil, R. tropici inoculation increased chickpea leaf nutrients and chlorophyll index.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- inoculation with R. tropicie0
- Interactor
- R. tropici
Martinezella tropicie0symbiont - Outcome
- leaf content of nutrients (N, K, Mg, and P) and grain mass per plant, 100-grain masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- lowest content of SOM (3.55 dag kg-1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the area with the lowest content of SOM (3.55 dag kg-1), the inoculation with R. tropici or the fertilization with 125 kg ha-1 N increased the leaf content of nutrients (N, K, Mg, and P) and grain mass per plant, 100-grain mass, number of pods with two grains, dry mass of leaves, branches, chlorophyll index, and relative agronomic efficiency.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In low-SOM soil, R. tropici inoculation increased chickpea pods, leaf and branch mass, chlorophyll index, and agronomic efficiency.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation with R. tropicie0
- Interactor
- R. tropiciMartinezella tropicie0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of pods with two grains, dry mass of leaves, branchese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- lowest content of SOM (3.55 dag kg-1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the area with the lowest content of SOM (3.55 dag kg-1), the inoculation with R. tropici or the fertilization with 125 kg ha-1 N increased the leaf content of nutrients (N, K, Mg, and P) and grain mass per plant, 100-grain mass, number of pods with two grains, dry mass of leaves, branches, chlorophyll index, and relative agronomic efficiency.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In low-SOM soil, 125 kg ha-1 N fertilization increased chickpea nutrient and yield traits.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- fertilization with 125 kg ha-1 Ne0
- Outcome
- leaf content of nutrients (N, K, Mg, and P) and grain mass per plant, 100-grain masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- lowest content of SOM (3.55 dag kg-1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the area with the lowest content of SOM (3.55 dag kg-1), the inoculation with R. tropici or the fertilization with 125 kg ha-1 N increased the leaf content of nutrients (N, K, Mg, and P) and grain mass per plant, 100-grain mass, number of pods with two grains, dry mass of leaves, branches, chlorophyll index, and relative agronomic efficiency.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In low-SOM soil, 125 kg ha-1 N fertilization increased pod and biomass traits.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- fertilization with 125 kg ha-1 Ne0
- Outcome
- number of pods with two grains, dry mass of leaves, branchese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- lowest content of SOM (3.55 dag kg-1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the area with the lowest content of SOM (3.55 dag kg-1), the inoculation with R. tropici or the fertilization with 125 kg ha-1 N increased the leaf content of nutrients (N, K, Mg, and P) and grain mass per plant, 100-grain mass, number of pods with two grains, dry mass of leaves, branches, chlorophyll index, and relative agronomic efficiency.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In low-SOM soil, treatment raised chickpea yield by 65% relative to control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- 100 to 125 kg ha-1 of N with or without R. tropicie0
- Interactor
- R. tropiciMartinezella tropicie0symbiont
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 65%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, the yield was increased in 65%, compared to the control treatment, recommending the application of 100 to 125 kg ha-1 of N with or without R. tropici.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 100 to 125 kg ha-1 N with or without R. tropici in low-SOM soil.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- R. tropiciMartinezella tropicie0symbiont
- Outcome
- application of 100 to 125 kg ha-1 of N with or without R. tropicie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“recommending the application of 100 to 125 kg ha-1 of N with or without R. tropici.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In high-SOM soil, R. tropici inoculation increased grain mass and one-grain pods.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation with R. tropicie0
- Interactor
- R. tropiciMartinezella tropicie0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain mass per plants, number of pods with one gaine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- highest content of SOM (7.37 dag kg-1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the area with the highest content of SOM (7.37 dag kg-1), the inoculation with R. tropici provided a higher grain mass per plants, number of pods with one gain, dry mass of leaves, total dry mass, and chlorophyll index;”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In high-SOM soil, R. tropici inoculation increased biomass and chlorophyll index.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation with R. tropicie0
- Interactor
- R. tropiciMartinezella tropicie0symbiont
- Outcome
- dry mass of leaves, total dry mass, and chlorophyll indexe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- highest content of SOM (7.37 dag kg-1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the area with the highest content of SOM (7.37 dag kg-1), the inoculation with R. tropici provided a higher grain mass per plants, number of pods with one gain, dry mass of leaves, total dry mass, and chlorophyll index;”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In high-SOM soil, nitrogen fertilization increased leaf N content and chlorophyll index.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- leaf content of N and the chlorophyll indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen fertilization increased the leaf content of N and the chlorophyll index, although neither factor interfered with the yield, and are not recommended.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In high-SOM soil, inoculation did not affect chickpea yield.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation with R. tropicie1
- Interactor
- R. tropiciMartinezella tropicie1symbionte0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- neither factor interferede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although neither factor interfered with the yield, and are not recommended.”
t0“chickpea”
e1“the inoculation with R. tropici provided a higher grain mass per plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In high-SOM soil, nitrogen fertilization did not affect chickpea yield.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- neither factor interferede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen fertilization increased the leaf content of N and the chlorophyll index, although neither factor interfered with the yield, and are not recommended.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors do not recommend inoculation or nitrogen fertilization in high-SOM soil.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- are not recommendede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although neither factor interfered with the yield, and are not recommended.”
t0“chickpea”
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