Abstract
One goal in the face of deficit water conditions is to increase growth and yield. Agro-industrial production frequently causes environmental pollution by using chemical fertilizers. In recent decades, bio-fertilizers such as vermicompost have been used as a safe alternative to chemical fertilizer. The present study considered the response of the chickpea to different combinations of vermicompost and water deficit stress in a greenhouse environment. Plant response was determined by measuring a range of morpho-physiologic parameters. The treatments were addition of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of vermicompost to soil, and water deficit stress at the following levels: non-stress (100% of field capacity), moderate water stress (75% of field capacity), and severe water stress (25% of field capacity). The results showed that vermicompost had a significant effect on all traits under stress and non-stress conditions. The vermicompost treatments under non-stress conditions significantly increased plant height, number of pods, leaf area, stem and leaf dry weight, pod dry weight, chlorophyll a, carotenoid, total chlorophyll content, CO2 assimilation rate, internal CO2 concentration, and water-use efficiency over that of the control condition. The addition of 30% vermicompost under moderate and severe water stress conditions significantly increased plant height, number of pods, leaf area, leaf dry weight, carotenoids, and water-use efficiency over that of the control level. This study confirmed that vermicompost improved the morphological features, soil biological activity, and quality of the chickpea, but did not positively influence the physiological features under moderate and severe water deficit stress.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Under non-stress conditions vermicompost increased chickpea height, pod number and leaf area.
- Taxon
- Chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- vermicompost treatmentse0
- Outcome
- plant height, number of pods, leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- non-stress conditionse0
- Comparator
- control conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.cv. karaj)”
e0“The vermicompost treatments under non-stress conditions significantly increased plant height, number of pods, leaf area, stem and leaf dry weight, pod dry weight, chlorophyll a, carotenoid, total chlorophyll content, CO2 assimilation rate, internal CO2 concentration, and water-use efficiency over that of the control condition.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under non-stress conditions vermicompost increased stem, leaf and pod dry weight.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- vermicompost treatmentse0
- Outcome
- stem and leaf dry weight, pod dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- non-stress conditionse0
- Comparator
- control conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.cv. karaj)”
e0“The vermicompost treatments under non-stress conditions significantly increased plant height, number of pods, leaf area, stem and leaf dry weight, pod dry weight, chlorophyll a, carotenoid, total chlorophyll content, CO2 assimilation rate, internal CO2 concentration, and water-use efficiency over that of the control condition.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under non-stress conditions vermicompost increased chlorophyll a, carotenoid and total chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- vermicompost treatmentse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, carotenoid, total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- non-stress conditionse0
- Comparator
- control conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.cv. karaj)”
e0“The vermicompost treatments under non-stress conditions significantly increased plant height, number of pods, leaf area, stem and leaf dry weight, pod dry weight, chlorophyll a, carotenoid, total chlorophyll content, CO2 assimilation rate, internal CO2 concentration, and water-use efficiency over that of the control condition.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under non-stress conditions vermicompost increased CO2 assimilation, internal CO2 and water-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- vermicompost treatmentse0
- Outcome
- CO2 assimilation rate, internal CO2 concentration, and water-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- non-stress conditionse0
- Comparator
- control conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.cv. karaj)”
e0“The vermicompost treatments under non-stress conditions significantly increased plant height, number of pods, leaf area, stem and leaf dry weight, pod dry weight, chlorophyll a, carotenoid, total chlorophyll content, CO2 assimilation rate, internal CO2 concentration, and water-use efficiency over that of the control condition.”
Claim · model-written summary
At moderate and severe water stress, 30% vermicompost increased chickpea height, pod number and leaf area.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- 30% vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- plant height, number of pods, leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- moderate and severe water stress conditionse0
- Comparator
- control levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.cv. karaj)”
e0“The addition of 30% vermicompost under moderate and severe water stress conditions significantly increased plant height, number of pods, leaf area, leaf dry weight, carotenoids, and water-use efficiency over that of the control level.”
Claim · model-written summary
At moderate and severe water stress, 30% vermicompost increased leaf dry weight.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- 30% vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- leaf dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- moderate and severe water stress conditionse0
- Comparator
- control levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.cv. karaj)”
e0“The addition of 30% vermicompost under moderate and severe water stress conditions significantly increased plant height, number of pods, leaf area, leaf dry weight, carotenoids, and water-use efficiency over that of the control level.”
Claim · model-written summary
At moderate and severe water stress, 30% vermicompost increased carotenoids and water-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- 30% vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- carotenoids, and water-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- moderate and severe water stress conditionse0
- Comparator
- control levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.cv. karaj)”
e0“The addition of 30% vermicompost under moderate and severe water stress conditions significantly increased plant height, number of pods, leaf area, leaf dry weight, carotenoids, and water-use efficiency over that of the control level.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that vermicompost improved chickpea morphological features and quality.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- morphological features, soil biological activity, and qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.cv. karaj)”
e0“This study confirmed that vermicompost improved the morphological features, soil biological activity, and quality of the chickpea, but did not positively influence the physiological features under moderate and severe water deficit stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that vermicompost did not positively influence chickpea physiology under moderate and severe water deficit.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- physiological featurese0
- Direction
- did not positively influencee0
- Qualifier
- moderate and severe water deficit stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.cv. karaj)”
e0“vermicompost improved the morphological features, soil biological activity, and quality of the chickpea, but did not positively influence the physiological features under moderate and severe water deficit stress.”
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