Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known to regulate plant growth and development. However, only little is known about their mechanism in the regulation of berry development in grapes. This study demonstrates that BR treatment enhances the accumulation of fruit sugar components, reduces the content of organic acids (e.g., tartaric acid), promotes coloration, and increases the anthocyanin content in grape berries at the onset of the veraison, half veraison, and full veraison stages at the rate of 0.0998, 0.0560, and 0.0281 mg·g–1, respectively. In addition, BR treatment was also found to accelerate the biosynthesis of terpenoid aroma components, such as α-pinene, d-limonene, and γ-terpinene, which influence the aromatic composition of grapes. BRs can negatively regulate the expression of VvHMGR, a key gene involved in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, and reduce the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR). Inhibiting the expression of HMGR promoted the accumulation of anthocyanins and fruit coloration. Meanwhile, after the inhibition, the contents of auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and brassinosteroid (BR) increased, while gibberellin (GA3) and zeatin riboside (ZR) decreased, and its aromatic composition also changed. Therefore, it may be concluded that BRs inhibited HMGR activity and cooperated with VvHMGR to regulate the formation of color, aroma, and other quality characteristics in fruits.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
BR treatment increased fruit sugar components.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“BR treatment enhances the accumulation of fruit sugar components”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
BR treatment reduced organic acid content.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“reduces the content of organic acids (e.g., tartaric acid)”
e1“BR treatment enhances the accumulation of fruit sugar components”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
BR treatment promoted berry coloration.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“promotes coloration”
e1“BR treatment enhances”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
BR treatment increased berry anthocyanin content at veraison stages.
- Taxon
- grapee0
- Treatment
- BR treatmente1
- Outcome
- anthocyanin contente0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 0.0998, 0.0560, and 0.0281 mg·g–1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“increases the anthocyanin content in grape berries at the onset of the veraison, half veraison, and full veraison stages at the rate of 0.0998, 0.0560, and 0.0281 mg·g–1, respectively”
e1“BR treatment enhances”
Claim · model-written summary
BR treatment accelerated biosynthesis of terpenoid aroma components.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- BR treatmente0
- Outcome
- biosynthesis of terpenoid aroma components, such as α-pinene, d-limonene, and γ-terpinenee0
- Direction
- acceleratee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“BR treatment was also found to accelerate the biosynthesis of terpenoid aroma components, such as α-pinene, d-limonene, and γ-terpinene”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
BRs negatively regulated VvHMGR expression.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“BRs can negatively regulate the expression of VvHMGR”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
BRs reduced HMGR activity.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- BRse0
- Gene
- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR)e0
- Outcome
- activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR)e0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“BRs can negatively regulate the expression of VvHMGR, a key gene involved in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, and reduce the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR)”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibiting HMGR expression promoted anthocyanin accumulation.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- Inhibiting the expression of HMGRe0
- Gene
- HMGRe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inhibiting the expression of HMGR promoted the accumulation of anthocyanins”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibiting HMGR expression promoted fruit coloration.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- Inhibiting the expression of HMGRe0
- Gene
- HMGRe0
- Outcome
- fruit coloratione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inhibiting the expression of HMGR promoted the accumulation of anthocyanins and fruit coloration”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
After HMGR inhibition, IAA, ABA and BR contents increased.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- Inhibiting the expression of HMGRe1
- Outcome
- contents of auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and brassinosteroid (BR)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“after the inhibition, the contents of auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and brassinosteroid (BR) increased”
e1“Inhibiting the expression of HMGR”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
After HMGR inhibition, GA3 and ZR contents decreased.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- Inhibiting the expression of HMGRe1
- Outcome
- gibberellin (GA3) and zeatin riboside (ZR)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“gibberellin (GA3) and zeatin riboside (ZR) decreased”
e1“Inhibiting the expression of HMGR”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
HMGR inhibition changed aromatic composition.
- Taxon
- Grapet0
- Treatment
- Inhibiting the expression of HMGRe1
- Outcome
- aromatic compositione0
- Direction
- changede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“its aromatic composition also changed”
e1“Inhibiting the expression of HMGR”
t0“Grape”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer BR inhibition of HMGR cooperates with VvHMGR to regulate fruit color, aroma and quality.
Verbatim
e0“BRs inhibited HMGR activity and cooperated with VvHMGR to regulate the formation of color, aroma, and other quality characteristics in fruits”
t0“Grape”
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1 in the opposite direction
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.