Abstract
A research study was established at the research farm of the University of Agriculture, Peshawar during winter 2018–2019. Commercial biochars were given to the experimental site from 2014 to summer 2018 and received 0.95, 130 and 60 tons ha−1 of biochar by various treatments viz., (Biochar1) BC1, (Biochar2) BC2, (Biochar3) BC3 and (Biochar4) BC4, respectively. This piece of work was conducted within the same study to find the long-term influence of biochar on the fertility of the soil, fixation of N2, as well as the yie1d of chickpea under a mung–chickpea cropping system. A split plot arrangement was carried out by RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) to evaluate the study. Twenty-five kilograms of N ha−1 were given as a starter dosage to every plot. Phosphorous and potassium were applied at two levels (half (45:30 kg ha−1) and full (90:60 kg ha−1) recommended doses) to each of the four biochar treatments. The chickpea crop parameters measured were the numbers and masses of the nodules, N2 fixation and grain yield. Soil parameters recorded were Soil Organic Matter (SOM), total N and mineral N. The aforementioned soil parameters were recorded after harvesting. The results showed that nodulation in chickpea, grain yield and nutrient uptake were significantly enhanced by phosphorous and potassium mineral fertilizers. The application of biochar 95 tons ha−1 significantly enhanced number of nodules i-e (122), however statistically similar response in terms of nodules number was also noted with treatment of 130 tons ha−1. The results further revealed a significant difference in terms of organic matter (OM) (%) between the half and full mineral fertilizer treatments. With the application of 130 tons ha−1 of biochar, the OM enhanced from 1.67% in the control treatment, to 2.59%. However, total and mineral nitrogen were not statistically enhanced by the mineral fertilizer treatment. With regard to biochar treatments, total and mineral N enhanced when compared with the control treatment. The highest total N of 0.082% and mineral nitrogen of 73 mg kg−1 in the soil were recorded at 130 tons ha−1 of biochar, while the lowest total N (0.049%) and mineral nitrogen (54 mg kg−1) in the soil were recorded in the control treatment. The collaborative influence of mineral fertilizers and biochars was found to be generally non-significant for most of the soil and plant parameters. It could be concluded that the aforementioned parameters were greater for treatments receiving biochar at 95 tons or more per hectare over the last several years, and that the combination of lower doses of mineral fertilizers further improved the performance of biochar.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer significantly enhanced chickpea nodulation.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Treatment
- phosphorous and potassium mineral fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- nodulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nodulation in chickpea, grain yield and nutrient uptake were significantly enhanced by phosphorous and potassium mineral fertilizers”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer significantly enhanced chickpea grain yield.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- phosphorous and potassium mineral fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nodulation in chickpea, grain yield and nutrient uptake were significantly enhanced by phosphorous and potassium mineral fertilizers”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer significantly enhanced nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- phosphorous and potassium mineral fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nodulation in chickpea, grain yield and nutrient uptake were significantly enhanced by phosphorous and potassium mineral fertilizers”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar at 95 tons ha−1 significantly increased chickpea nodule number to 122.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- biochar 95 tons ha−1e0
- Outcome
- number of nodulese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 122e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of biochar 95 tons ha−1 significantly enhanced number of nodules i-e (122)”
e1“yie1d of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The 130 tons ha−1 biochar treatment produced a statistically similar nodule count to 95 tons ha−1.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume2
- Treatment
- 130 tons ha−1e0
- Outcome
- nodules numbere0
- Direction
- statistically similare0
- Comparator
- biochar 95 tons ha−1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“statistically similar response in terms of nodules number was also noted with treatment of 130 tons ha−1”
e1“biochar 95 tons ha−1”
e2“yie1d of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Half and full mineral fertilizer treatments differed significantly in soil organic matter.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- half and full mineral fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- organic matter (OM) (%)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant difference in terms of organic matter (OM) (%) between the half and full mineral fertilizer treatments”
e1“yie1d of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar at 130 tons ha−1 increased soil organic matter from 1.67% to 2.59%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- 130 tons ha−1 of biochare0
- Outcome
- OMe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 2.59%e0
- Qualifier
- 1.67% in the control treatmente0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the application of 130 tons ha−1 of biochar, the OM enhanced from 1.67% in the control treatment, to 2.59%”
e1“yie1d of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral fertilizer did not significantly enhance total soil nitrogen.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- mineral fertilizer treatmente0
- Outcome
- totale0
- Direction
- not statistically enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total and mineral nitrogen were not statistically enhanced by the mineral fertilizer treatment”
e1“yie1d of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral fertilizer did not significantly enhance mineral soil nitrogen.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- mineral fertilizer treatmente0
- Outcome
- mineral nitrogene0
- Direction
- not statistically enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total and mineral nitrogen were not statistically enhanced by the mineral fertilizer treatment”
e1“yie1d of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased total soil nitrogen versus control, peaking at 0.082% with 130 tons ha−1.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume2
- Treatment
- 130 tons ha−1 of biochare1
- Outcome
- total Ne1
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 0.082%e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total and mineral N enhanced when compared with the control treatment”
e1“The highest total N of 0.082% and mineral nitrogen of 73 mg kg−1 in the soil were recorded at 130 tons ha−1 of biochar”
e2“yie1d of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased mineral soil nitrogen versus control, peaking at 73 mg kg−1 with 130 tons ha−1.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume2
- Treatment
- 130 tons ha−1 of biochare1
- Outcome
- mineral nitrogene1
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 73 mg kg−1e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total and mineral N enhanced when compared with the control treatment”
e1“The highest total N of 0.082% and mineral nitrogen of 73 mg kg−1 in the soil were recorded at 130 tons ha−1 of biochar”
e2“yie1d of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The biochar control had the lowest total soil N, 0.049%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- control treatmente0
- Outcome
- total Ne0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.049%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest total N (0.049%) and mineral nitrogen (54 mg kg−1) in the soil were recorded in the control treatment”
e1“yie1d of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The biochar control had the lowest mineral soil N, 54 mg kg−1.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- control treatmente0
- Outcome
- mineral nitrogene0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 54 mg kg−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest total N (0.049%) and mineral nitrogen (54 mg kg−1) in the soil were recorded in the control treatment”
e1“yie1d of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and mineral fertilizer interactions were generally nonsignificant for most soil and plant parameters.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- mineral fertilizers and biocharse0
- Outcome
- most of the soil and plant parameterse0
- Direction
- non-significante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The collaborative influence of mineral fertilizers and biochars was found to be generally non-significant for most of the soil and plant parameters”
e1“yie1d of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors concluded that multi-year biochar at 95 tons ha−1 or more increased study parameters.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- biochar at 95 tons or more per hectaree0
- Outcome
- aforementioned parameters were greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the aforementioned parameters were greater for treatments receiving biochar at 95 tons or more per hectare over the last several years”
e1“yie1d of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors concluded that lower mineral fertilizer doses further improved biochar performance.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- lower doses of mineral fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- improved the performance of biochare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of lower doses of mineral fertilizers further improved the performance of biochar”
e1“yie1d of chickpea”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · symbiosis · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results differ
42 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
44 papers more in this group
See all 48 papers →fertilization · nutrient: content · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
79 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
77 papers more in this group
See all 81 papers →fertilization · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Positive and negative results
325 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction · 4 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
341 papers more in this group
See all 345 papers →biochar · symbiosis · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
potassium · symbiosis · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →biochar · nutrient: content · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →potassium · nutrient: content · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
8 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →potassium · yield · Cicer arietinum (chickpea)Results agree
28 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
25 papers more in this group
See all 29 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.