Abstract
Humic acids are formed in soil during decomposition of organic residues and are capable of increasing plant productivity. Plant growing widely utilizes application of the most soluble preparations on the base of sodium and potassium humates possessing hormone-like activity. Humic substances are capable of stimulating plant growth in very low concentrations that determines the necessity of targeting their uptake by plants. Such a possibility is provided by placing fertilizers in the direct vicinity of the seeds. The effect of incrustation of Nitrofosque granules with sodium humate (SH) on the crop yield of spring durum wheat has been shown previously. In the present experiments, the data on the changes in growth and hormone content of wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.) treated with SH included into the granules of organic-mineral fertilizer (OMF) are reported for the first time. Granules of fertilizers without SH and those containing 1.25×10-2 %, 2.5×10-2 % and 5×10-2 % of humic preparation (of the granule mass) were placed at the distance of 2-3 cm from the 1-day seedlings planted into the soil. OMF was obtained from poultry waste (chicken manure) and dolomite and SH was extracted from brown coal. Plants that obtained neither humates nor OMF served as the control. Leaf length and transpiration (according to the decline in the mass of vessels with plants) were measured starting from the third day after sowing. Leaf samples for determination of hormones with enzyme-linked immunoassay were sampled on day 9 and leaf area and plant mass were measured on day 21 after sowing. OMF granules without SH stimulated leaf elongation resulting in their significantly longer length compared with the control (42, 156, 187 and 274 mm against 47, 167, 199 and 294 mm, p ≤ 0.05) detected in the first leaves 3, 6 and 8 days after sowing and 14 days after sowing in the second leaves. Meanwhile an increase in the OMF dosage did not increase their length significantly compared to the lower dose. Addition of humic substances to the OMF granules increased the promotive effect of the preparation on the leaf elongation most clearly manifested in the case of intermediate SH concentration (2,5×10-2 %), which significantly increased the leaf length during the time of registration (3, 6, 8, and 14 days after sowing) compared to the application of OMF without SH (6, 11, 13 mm increment of the first leaves and 9.4, 9, 22 mm of the second leaves, р ≤ 0.05). Unlike OFM without SH, which application did not change the shoot mass and leaf area, combination of OFM with intermediate SH concentration increased shoot mass (from 538 to 583 mg, р ≤ 0,05). Leaf area was significantly greater than in the control in the case of intermediate and maximal SH concentration (increments were 385 and 283 mm2, р ≤ 0.05). Thus, addition of SH to OFM increased the effectiveness of the OFM action of growth characteristics. Accumulation of nitrogen in the shoots of the wheat plants supplied only with OFM without SH did not differ from the control, while combination of OFM with SH resulted in accumulation of nitrogen at the level (by 8-15 %, p ≤ 0.05) higher than in the control. Application of OFM without SH did not influence the content of studied hormones (auxins, cytokinins and abscisic acid — ABA), while addition of SH to the granules of fertilizers resulted in significantly higher concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokinins in the shoots, the 1.6-2.8 ng · g-1 increment (1.5-1.8 times) and 3.8-4.9 ng · g-1 increment (1.5-1.7 times) (р ≤ 0.05). Concentration of indole acetic acid (IAA) with intermediate SH concentration was higher than in the control (40 against 15 ng · g-1, р ≤ 0.05). The results obtained by us allow attributing increased effectiveness of fertilizers in the case of their supply with humates to their effect on the hormonal content. Increased content of hormones with promotive type of action is likely to enable activation of plant growth, while accumulation of ABA limits water losses by transpiration. The results of these laboratory experiments indicate perspectives of application of OMF containing sodium humates according to technology developed by us. Furthermore, the obtained data are of importance for revealing fundamental mechanisms, by which the action of humic compounds is manifested, in particular at the level of hormonal balance in plants.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Organic-mineral fertilizer without humate stimulated wheat leaf elongation.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Material
- Bashkirskaya 27 cv.e1
- Treatment
- OMF granules without SHe0
- Outcome
- leaf elongatione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OMF granules without SH stimulated leaf elongation resulting in their significantly longer length compared with the control”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher OMF dose did not significantly increase leaf length over lower dose.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- increase in the OMF dosagee0
- Outcome
- lengthe0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
- Comparator
- lower dosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in the OMF dosage did not increase their length significantly compared to the lower dose”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermediate SH in OMF significantly increased first-leaf length versus OMF alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Material
- Bashkirskaya 27 cv.e1
- Organ / stage
- first leavese0
- Treatment
- intermediate SH concentration (2,5×10-2 %)e0
- Outcome
- leaf lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- application of OMF without SHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intermediate SH concentration (2,5×10-2 %), which significantly increased the leaf length during the time of registration (3, 6, 8, and 14 days after sowing) compared to the application of OMF without SH (6, 11, 13 mm increment of the first leaves and 9.4, 9, 22 mm of the second leaves, р ≤ 0.05)”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermediate SH in OMF significantly increased second-leaf length versus OMF alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Material
- Bashkirskaya 27 cv.e1
- Organ / stage
- second leavese0
- Treatment
- intermediate SH concentration (2,5×10-2 %)e0
- Outcome
- leaf lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- application of OMF without SHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intermediate SH concentration (2,5×10-2 %), which significantly increased the leaf length during the time of registration (3, 6, 8, and 14 days after sowing) compared to the application of OMF without SH (6, 11, 13 mm increment of the first leaves and 9.4, 9, 22 mm of the second leaves, р ≤ 0.05)”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF without SH did not change shoot mass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- OFM without SHe0
- Outcome
- shoot masse0
- Direction
- did not changee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OFM without SH, which application did not change the shoot mass and leaf area”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF without SH did not change leaf area.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- OFM without SHe0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- did not changee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OFM without SH, which application did not change the shoot mass and leaf area”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermediate SH with OMF increased shoot mass from 538 to 583 mg.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combination of OFM with intermediate SH concentratione0
- Outcome
- shoot masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- from 538 to 583 mge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combination of OFM with intermediate SH concentration increased shoot mass (from 538 to 583 mg, р ≤ 0,05)”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermediate SH significantly increased leaf area versus control by 385 mm2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- intermediatee0
- Outcome
- Leaf areae0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 385e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area was significantly greater than in the control in the case of intermediate and maximal SH concentration (increments were 385 and 283 mm2, р ≤ 0.05)”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximal SH significantly increased leaf area versus control by 283 mm2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- maximal SH concentratione0
- Outcome
- Leaf areae0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 283 mm2e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area was significantly greater than in the control in the case of intermediate and maximal SH concentration (increments were 385 and 283 mm2, р ≤ 0.05)”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF without SH did not alter shoot nitrogen accumulation versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- OFM without SHe0
- Outcome
- Accumulation of nitrogen in the shootse0
- Direction
- did not differe0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Accumulation of nitrogen in the shoots of the wheat plants supplied only with OFM without SH did not differ from the control”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF with SH raised shoot nitrogen accumulation 8-15% above control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combination of OFM with SHe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of nitrogene0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 8-15 %e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combination of OFM with SH resulted in accumulation of nitrogen at the level (by 8-15 %, p ≤ 0.05) higher than in the control”
e1“the wheat plants supplied only with OFM without SH”
Claim · model-written summary
OMF without SH did not affect auxin, cytokinin or ABA content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Application of OFM without SHe0
- Outcome
- content of studied hormones (auxins, cytokinins and abscisic acid — ABA)e0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of OFM without SH did not influence the content of studied hormones (auxins, cytokinins and abscisic acid — ABA)”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SH in OMF raised shoot ABA concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- addition of SH to the granules of fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- concentration of abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.6-2.8 ng · g-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“addition of SH to the granules of fertilizers resulted in significantly higher concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokinins in the shoots, the 1.6-2.8 ng · g-1 increment (1.5-1.8 times) and 3.8-4.9 ng · g-1 increment (1.5-1.7 times) (р ≤ 0.05)”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SH in OMF raised shoot cytokinin concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- addition of SH to the granules of fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- cytokinins in the shootse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 3.8-4.9 ng · g-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“addition of SH to the granules of fertilizers resulted in significantly higher concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokinins in the shoots, the 1.6-2.8 ng · g-1 increment (1.5-1.8 times) and 3.8-4.9 ng · g-1 increment (1.5-1.7 times) (р ≤ 0.05)”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermediate SH raised IAA concentration to 40 from 15 ng g-1 in control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- intermediate SH concentratione0
- Outcome
- Concentration of indole acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 40 against 15 ng · g-1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentration of indole acetic acid (IAA) with intermediate SH concentration was higher than in the control (40 against 15 ng · g-1, р ≤ 0.05)”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute improved fertilizer efficacy with humates to altered hormone content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- increased effectiveness of fertilizerse0
- Qualifier
- effect on the hormonal contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased effectiveness of fertilizers in the case of their supply with humates to their effect on the hormonal content”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest higher growth-promoting hormone content activates plant growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- activation of plant growthe0
- Qualifier
- Increased content of hormones with promotive type of actione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased content of hormones with promotive type of action is likely to enable activation of plant growth”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest ABA accumulation limits transpiration water loss.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- water losses by transpiratione0
- Qualifier
- accumulation of ABAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“accumulation of ABA limits water losses by transpiration”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors see application potential for OMF containing sodium humates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- application of OMF containing sodium humatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indicate perspectives of application of OMF containing sodium humates according to technology developed by us”
e1“wheat plants (Bashkirskaya 27 cv.)”
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