Abstract
Long-term fluctuating light (FL) conditions are very common in natural environments. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms for acclimation to FL differ between species. However, most of the current conclusions regarding acclimation to FL were made based on studies in algae or Arabidopsis thaliana. It is still unclear how rice (Oryza sativa L.) integrate multiple physiological changes to acclimate to long-term FL. In this study, we found that rice growth was repressed under long-term FL. By systematically measuring phenotypes and physiological parameters, we revealed that: (a) under short-term FL, photosystem I (PSI) was inhibited, while after 1-7 days of long-term FL, both PSI and PSII were inhibited. Higher acceptor-side limitation in electron transport and higher overall nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) explained the lower efficiencies of PSI and PSII, respectively. (b) An increase in pH differences across the thylakoid membrane and a decrease in thylakoid proton conductivity revealed a reduction of ATP synthase activity. (c) Using electron microscopy, we showed a decrease in membrane stacking and stomatal opening after 7 days of FL treatment. Taken together, our results show that electron flow, ATP synthase activity and NPQ regulation are the major processes determining the growth performance of rice under long-term FL conditions.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term fluctuating light repressed rice growth.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- long-term FLe0
- Outcome
- rice growthe0
- Direction
- repressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice growth was repressed under long-term FL”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-term fluctuating light inhibited PSI.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- short-term FLe0
- Outcome
- photosystem I (PSI)e0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under short-term FL, photosystem I (PSI) was inhibited”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
After 1-7 days of long-term fluctuating light, PSI and PSII were inhibited.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- long-term FLe0
- Outcome
- both PSI and PSIIe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- 1-7 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after 1-7 days of long-term FL, both PSI and PSII were inhibited”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Acceptor-side limitation increased under fluctuating light.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- acceptor-side limitation in electron transporte0
- Direction
- Highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher acceptor-side limitation in electron transport”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Overall nonphotochemical quenching increased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- overall nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher overall nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Thylakoid membrane pH difference increased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- pH differences across the thylakoid membranee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An increase in pH differences across the thylakoid membrane”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Thylakoid proton conductivity decreased.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- thylakoid proton conductivitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease in thylakoid proton conductivity”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ATP synthase activity was reduced.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- ATP synthase activitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a reduction of ATP synthase activity”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Membrane stacking decreased after seven days of fluctuating light.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FL treatmente0
- Outcome
- membrane stackinge0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- 7 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease in membrane stacking and stomatal opening after 7 days of FL treatment”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal opening decreased after seven days of fluctuating light.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FL treatmente0
- Outcome
- stomatal openinge0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- 7 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease in membrane stacking and stomatal opening after 7 days of FL treatment”
t0“rice”
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