Abstract
Cadmium stress significantly decreases agricultural productivity worldwide. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are eco-friendly and inexpensive tool for mitigating heavy metal stress in crops. We isolated rhizospheric bacteria and screened them for various plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits as well as Cd tolerance. Only 6 bacterial isolates out of 55 assessed showed multiple PGP traits in response to different Cd concentrations. The Bacillus cereus ALT1 strain showed high tolerance to increased Cd amounts in the culture medium, while secreting indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and organic acids into the culture medium. High Cd concentrations (0.7 mM, 1.4 mM, and 2.1 mM) reduced soybean shoot and root length, root/shoot fresh and dry weight, as well as chlorophyll content; however, inoculation with the bacterial isolate ALT1 mitigated Cd stress and enhanced both soybean growth parameters and chlorophyll content. It also decreased abscisic acid (ABA) amounts, enhanced salicylic acid (SA) production, and promoted antioxidant response by increasing total proteins (TP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while decreasing glutathione (GSH) content, lipid peroxidation (LPO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide anion (SOA), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in soybean plants. In addition, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed that soybean plants treated with the bacterial isolate ALT1 enhanced K uptake and decreased Cd amounts in comparison to control plants. The present study reveals that Cd-tolerant bacterial isolate ALT1 can alleviate Cd toxicity on plants by increasing their growth, thus imposing itself as an eco-friendly bio-fertilizer under Cd stress.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
High cadmium concentrations reduced soybean shoot and root length and fresh and dry weights.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- High Cd concentrations (0.7 mM, 1.4 mM, and 2.1 mM)e0
- Outcome
- soybean shoot and root length, root/shoot fresh and dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High Cd concentrations (0.7 mM, 1.4 mM, and 2.1 mM) reduced soybean shoot and root length, root/shoot fresh and dry weight”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
High cadmium concentrations reduced soybean chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- High Cd concentrations (0.7 mM, 1.4 mM, and 2.1 mM)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High Cd concentrations (0.7 mM, 1.4 mM, and 2.1 mM) reduced soybean shoot and root length, root/shoot fresh and dry weight, as well as chlorophyll content”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
ALT1 inoculation enhanced soybean growth parameters and chlorophyll content under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- inoculation with the bacterial isolate ALT1e0
- Outcome
- soybean growth parameters and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with the bacterial isolate ALT1 mitigated Cd stress and enhanced both soybean growth parameters and chlorophyll content”
t0“Bacillus cereus Strain, ALT1, Enhance Growth and Strengthens the Antioxidant System of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
ALT1 inoculation decreased ABA amounts in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- ALT1t0
- Interactor
- Bacillus cereus Strain, ALT1t0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA) amountse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also decreased abscisic acid (ABA) amounts”
t0“Bacillus cereus Strain, ALT1, Enhance Growth and Strengthens the Antioxidant System of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
ALT1 inoculation enhanced SA production in soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- ALT1t0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid (SA) productione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced salicylic acid (SA) production”
t0“Bacillus cereus Strain, ALT1, Enhance Growth and Strengthens the Antioxidant System of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
ALT1 increased soybean total proteins and superoxide dismutase.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- ALT1t0
- Outcome
- total proteins (TP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing total proteins (TP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)”
t0“Bacillus cereus Strain, ALT1, Enhance Growth and Strengthens the Antioxidant System of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
ALT1 decreased soybean GSH, LPO and POD.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- ALT1t0
- Outcome
- glutathione (GSH) content, lipid peroxidation (LPO), peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing glutathione (GSH) content, lipid peroxidation (LPO), peroxidase (POD)”
t0“Bacillus cereus Strain, ALT1, Enhance Growth and Strengthens the Antioxidant System of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
ALT1 decreased soybean SOA and PPO.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- ALT1t0
- Outcome
- superoxide anion (SOA), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)e0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing glutathione (GSH) content, lipid peroxidation (LPO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide anion (SOA), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)”
t0“Bacillus cereus Strain, ALT1, Enhance Growth and Strengthens the Antioxidant System of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
ALT1 treatment enhanced potassium uptake in soybean versus controls.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- treated with the bacterial isolate ALT1e0
- Interactor
- bacterial isolate ALT1e0
- Outcome
- K uptakee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean plants treated with the bacterial isolate ALT1 enhanced K uptake and decreased Cd amounts in comparison to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ALT1 treatment decreased cadmium amounts in soybean versus controls.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- treated with the bacterial isolate ALT1e0
- Outcome
- Cd amountse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean plants treated with the bacterial isolate ALT1 enhanced K uptake and decreased Cd amounts in comparison to control plants”
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