Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND The proper growth and development of tea plants requires moderately acidic soils and relatively low calcium levels, and excessive calcium at high pH can damage tea plant roots. To reveal the effects of calcium on the responses of tea plant to three pH levels (3.5, 5.0 and 6.5), a repeated test of two factors was designed. RESULTS Root growth and elemental analysis indicated that excessive calcium improved the growth of tea roots at low pH conditions, whereas it did not harm the growth of tea roots under normal and high pH conditions, especially at pH 6.5. Excessive calcium antagonized the absorption and utilization of magnesium by tea plants. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry results showed that the addition of Ca 2+ resulted in the primary metabolism in roots being more active at a low pH level. By contrast, it had obvious adverse effects on the accumulation of root metabolites with high calcium treatment at normal or high pH. Differential metabolites identified using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry indicated that flavonoids demonstrated the largest number of changes, and their biosynthesis was partially enriched with excessive calcium at low and high pH conditions, whereas it was down‐regulated under normal pH conditions. Kaempferol 3‐(2′‐rhamnosyl‐6′‐acetylgalactoside) 7‐rhamnoside, quercetin 3‐(6′‐sinapoylsophorotrioside) and delphinidin 3‐(3′‐ p ‐coumaroylglucoside) showed the greatest increase. The results of gene expression related to root growth and calcium regulation were consistent with root growth and root metabolism. CONCLUSION The overall results demonstrated that high Ca concentrations further aggravate the detrimental effects of high pH to tea roots. However, it is interesting that excessive calcium reduced the harm of a low pH on tea root growth to some extent. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Excess calcium improved tea root growth at low pH.
- Taxon
- teae0
- Treatment
- excessive calciume0
- Outcome
- growth of tea rootse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- low pH conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“excessive calcium improved the growth of tea roots at low pH conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess calcium did not harm tea root growth at normal and high pH, especially pH 6.5.
- Taxon
- teae0
- Treatment
- excessive calciume0
- Outcome
- growth of tea rootse0
- Direction
- did not harme0
- Qualifier
- normal and high pH conditions, especially at pH 6.5e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“excessive calcium improved the growth of tea roots at low pH conditions, whereas it did not harm the growth of tea roots under normal and high pH conditions, especially at pH 6.5.”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess calcium antagonized tea magnesium absorption and utilization.
- Taxon
- tea plantse0
- Treatment
- Excessive calciume0
- Outcome
- absorption and utilization of magnesiume0
- Direction
- antagonizede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Excessive calcium antagonized the absorption and utilization of magnesium by tea plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Added calcium increased activity of primary metabolism in roots at low pH.
- Taxon
- tea plantst0
- Treatment
- addition of Ca 2+e0
- Outcome
- primary metabolism in rootse0
- Direction
- more activee0
- Qualifier
- low pH levele0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the addition of Ca 2+ resulted in the primary metabolism in roots being more active at a low pH level.”
t0“tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
High calcium adversely affected root metabolite accumulation at normal or high pH.
- Taxon
- tea plantst0
- Treatment
- high calcium treatmente0
- Outcome
- accumulation of root metabolitese0
- Direction
- adverse effectse0
- Qualifier
- normal or high pHe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“it had obvious adverse effects on the accumulation of root metabolites with high calcium treatment at normal or high pH.”
t0“tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavonoids had the largest number of differential metabolite changes.
Verbatim
e0“flavonoids demonstrated the largest number of changes”
t0“tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess calcium partially enriched flavonoid biosynthesis at low and high pH.
- Taxon
- tea plantst0
- Treatment
- excessive calciume0
- Outcome
- biosynthesise0
- Direction
- partially enrichede0
- Qualifier
- low and high pH conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“their biosynthesis was partially enriched with excessive calcium at low and high pH conditions”
t0“tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess calcium downregulated flavonoid biosynthesis at normal pH.
- Taxon
- tea plantst0
- Treatment
- excessive calciume0
- Outcome
- biosynthesise0
- Direction
- down‐regulatede0
- Qualifier
- normal pH conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“their biosynthesis was partially enriched with excessive calcium at low and high pH conditions, whereas it was down‐regulated under normal pH conditions.”
t0“tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Three flavonoids showed the greatest increase.
Verbatim
e0“Kaempferol 3‐(2′‐rhamnosyl‐6′‐acetylgalactoside) 7‐rhamnoside, quercetin 3‐(6′‐sinapoylsophorotrioside) and delphinidin 3‐(3′‐ p ‐coumaroylglucoside) showed the greatest increase.”
t0“tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene expression related to root growth and calcium regulation matched root growth and metabolism.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The results of gene expression related to root growth and calcium regulation were consistent with root growth and root metabolism.”
t0“tea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded high calcium aggravated high pH damage to tea roots.
Verbatim
e0“high Ca concentrations further aggravate the detrimental effects of high pH to tea roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess calcium lessened low pH harm to tea root growth.
Verbatim
e0“excessive calcium reduced the harm of a low pH on tea root growth to some extent.”
The same questions in other papers
calcium atom · growth · Camellia sinensis (black tea)Results differ
3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
calcium atom · nutrient: content · Camellia sinensis (black tea)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
calcium atom · molecular: metabolites · Camellia sinensis (black tea)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.