Abstract
Conducting a field study to investigate the effects of foliar and soil fertilization with copper on the nutritional and physiological parameters and grain yield of common bean. The experimental design was a randomized block, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme. The first factor was the site of application of copper fertilization. The second factor was copper doses: 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 kg ha-1 (6 replicates). The following were evaluated: leaf nitrogen and copper contents, relative chlorophyll index (RCI), gas exchange, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, and grain yield. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and F test (p-value < 0.05), using the Scott & Knott for qualitative data and polynomial regression for quantitative data. Leaf Cu content was higher with soil application (4% and 28%), both at 24 and 45 DAE, respectively. Net photosynthesis reached a maximum index of 18.77 µmol m-2 s-1 with foliar Cu fertilization at the dose of 4 kg ha-1. The application of 2.0 kg ha-1 Cu was the one that led to the highest grain yields; however, soil application stood out with a yield about 12% higher of the foliar. Soil fertilization proved to be more efficient in terms of Cu absorption and RCI rates, improving grain yield (12%) in relation to foliar, especially at the dose of 2 kg ha-1. The dose of 2 kg Cu ha-1 provided the best differential profit, reaching US$ 581.96 ha-1 and US$ 503.01 ha-1 for soil and foliar application, respectively.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Soil copper application increased leaf Cu content by 4% at 24 DAE versus foliar application.
- Taxon
- common bean
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- soil applicatione0
- Outcome
- Leaf Cu contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4%e0
- Qualifier
- 24 and 45 DAEe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common bean”
e0“Leaf Cu content was higher with soil application (4% and 28%), both at 24 and 45 DAE, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil copper application increased leaf Cu content by 28% at 45 DAE versus foliar application.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- soil applicatione0
- Outcome
- Leaf Cu contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Qualifier
- 45 DAEe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common bean”
e0“Leaf Cu content was higher with soil application (4% and 28%), both at 24 and 45 DAE, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar copper fertilization at 4 kg ha-1 gave maximum net photosynthesis of 18.77 µmol m-2 s-1.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar Cu fertilization at the dose of 4 kg ha-1e1
- Outcome
- Net photosynthesise1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 18.77 µmol m-2 s-1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common bean”
e1“Net photosynthesis reached a maximum index of 18.77 µmol m-2 s-1 with foliar Cu fertilization at the dose of 4 kg ha-1.”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2.0 kg ha-1 copper dose gave the highest grain yields.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 2.0 kg ha-1 Cue2
- Outcome
- grain yieldse2
- Direction
- higheste2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common bean”
e2“The application of 2.0 kg ha-1 Cu was the one that led to the highest grain yields; however, soil application stood out with a yield about 12% higher of the foliar.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil application yielded about 12% more grain than foliar application.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- soil applicatione2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 12%e2
- Comparator
- foliare2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common bean”
e2“The application of 2.0 kg ha-1 Cu was the one that led to the highest grain yields; however, soil application stood out with a yield about 12% higher of the foliar.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil fertilization was more efficient for Cu absorption than foliar fertilization.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Soil fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- Cu absorptione3
- Direction
- more efficiente3
- Qualifier
- especially at the dose of 2 kg ha-1e3
- Comparator
- foliare3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common bean”
e3“Soil fertilization proved to be more efficient in terms of Cu absorption and RCI rates, improving grain yield (12%) in relation to foliar, especially at the dose of 2 kg ha-1.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil fertilization was more efficient for RCI rates than foliar fertilization.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Soil fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- RCI ratese3
- Direction
- more efficiente3
- Qualifier
- especially at the dose of 2 kg ha-1e3
- Comparator
- foliare3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common bean”
e3“Soil fertilization proved to be more efficient in terms of Cu absorption and RCI rates, improving grain yield (12%) in relation to foliar, especially at the dose of 2 kg ha-1.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2 kg Cu ha-1, soil gave differential profit of US$ 581.96 ha-1.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- soile4
- Outcome
- differential profite4
- Direction
- beste4
- Value
- US$ 581.96 ha-1e4
- Qualifier
- 2 kg Cu ha-1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common bean”
e4“The dose of 2 kg Cu ha-1 provided the best differential profit, reaching US$ 581.96 ha-1 and US$ 503.01 ha-1 for soil and foliar application, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2 kg Cu ha-1, foliar application gave differential profit of US$ 503.01 ha-1.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar applicatione4
- Outcome
- differential profite4
- Direction
- beste4
- Value
- US$ 503.01 ha-1e4
- Qualifier
- 2 kg Cu ha-1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“common bean”
e4“The dose of 2 kg Cu ha-1 provided the best differential profit, reaching US$ 581.96 ha-1 and US$ 503.01 ha-1 for soil and foliar application, respectively.”
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