Abstract
The potential of hot water dipping (HWD) at 41±1°C for 20 min or at 50±1°C for 5 min and pre-storage conditioning (6 days at 16-18°C and 45-65% RH) treatments to control chilling injury (CI) and decay of W. Navel and Valencia Late oranges during cold quarantine at 1°C and 85–90% RH for 20 days, subsequent storage at 10°C and 85–90% RH for 20 days (as a transit period) and an additional 20 days of simulated marketing period (SMP) at 20±2°C and 40-65% RH was investigated over 2 harvest seasons (2006/2007 & 2007/2008). Untreated fruits were used as control. We studied their effects on various other postharvest quality parameters such as weight loss, juice %, soluble solids content (SSC), total acidity (TA), ascorbic acid (VC), and reducing sugars, free phenols, peroxidase (POX) and catalase (CAT) activities, and ascorbic acid oxidase (ASAO). After SMP, HWD treatments reduced the incidence of CI in W. Navel (4.2-13% versus 29–33% in control and 12-21% in conditioning treatments) and Valencia (0–27% against 60-63% in control and 60–67% in conditioning treatments). HWD treatments effectively prevented the incidence of decay in both cultivars in all storage stages, while conditioning one reduced it in W. Navel to 17-13%, against 25% in the control, although in Valencia, a very little insignificant decay % was found (3-7%). HWD treatments reduced the rate of weight loss in both cultivars, while conditioning one reduced it in Valencia, only. In addition, HWD treatments mostly increased VC content, especially in W. Navel, while reduced ASAO activity. HWD treatments increased free phenols content in both cultivars, as compared with control and conditioning treatments, although the last increased it as compared with control. HWD at 41°C for 20 min was more effective than at 50°C for 5 min in this respect. All treatments significantly increased POX and CAT activities, whether in fruit peel or juice of both cultivars as compared with control. HWD at 41°C for 20 min treatment was more effective in this respect. Generally, the reduction in chilling injury % was paralleled to higher POX and CAT activities in fruit peel and juice, and free phenols in juice, this may explain how and why the treatments reduced CI incidence. Overall, it is concluded that short postharvest HWD treatment is preferable, since it effectively induced tolerance to cold temperatures in W. Navel and Valencia Late oranges without impairing any other postharvest qualities.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
HWD treatments reduced chilling injury incidence in W. Navel oranges after simulated marketing, to 4.2-13% versus 29-33% in control.
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e0“After SMP, HWD treatments reduced the incidence of CI”
e1“in W. Navel (4.2-13% versus 29–33% in control and 12-21% in conditioning treatments)”
Claim · model-written summary
HWD treatments reduced chilling injury incidence in Valencia oranges, to 0-27% versus 60-63% in control.
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e0“After SMP, HWD treatments reduced the incidence of CI”
e2“Valencia (0–27% against 60-63% in control and 60–67% in conditioning treatments)”
Claim · model-written summary
HWD treatments effectively prevented decay incidence in both cultivars in all storage stages.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e3“HWD treatments effectively prevented the incidence of decay in both cultivars in all storage stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-storage conditioning reduced decay in W. Navel oranges to 17-13%, against 25% in the control.
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e3“HWD treatments effectively prevented the incidence of decay in both cultivars in all storage stages”
e4“while conditioning one reduced it in W. Navel to 17-13%, against 25% in the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Decay in Valencia oranges after conditioning was very little and not significant (3-7%).
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e5“although in Valencia, a very little insignificant decay % was found (3-7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
HWD treatments reduced the rate of weight loss in both cultivars.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e6“HWD treatments reduced the rate of weight loss in both cultivars, while conditioning one reduced it in Valencia, only”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-storage conditioning reduced the rate of weight loss in Valencia oranges only.
- Taxon
- ORANGESt0
- Material
- Valenciae6
- Treatment
- conditioninge6
- Outcome
- rate of weight losse6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e6“HWD treatments reduced the rate of weight loss in both cultivars, while conditioning one reduced it in Valencia, only”
Claim · model-written summary
HWD treatments mostly increased vitamin C content, especially in W. Navel oranges.
- Taxon
- ORANGESt0
- Material
- W. Navele7
- Treatment
- HWD treatmentse7
- Outcome
- VC contente7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Qualifier
- mostlye7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e7“HWD treatments mostly increased VC content, especially in W. Navel”
Claim · model-written summary
HWD treatments reduced ascorbic acid oxidase (ASAO) activity in oranges.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e7“HWD treatments mostly increased VC content, especially in W. Navel”
e6“while reduced ASAO activity”
Claim · model-written summary
HWD treatments increased free phenols content in both cultivars relative to control and conditioning treatments.
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e1“HWD treatments increased free phenols content in both cultivars, as compared with control and conditioning treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-storage conditioning increased free phenols content relative to control.
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e1“HWD treatments increased free phenols content in both cultivars, as compared with control and conditioning treatments”
e2“although the last increased it as compared with control”
Claim · model-written summary
HWD at 41°C for 20 min was more effective than HWD at 50°C for 5 min for free phenols.
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e3“HWD at 41°C for 20 min was more effective than at 50°C for 5 min in this respect”
e1“HWD treatments increased free phenols content in both cultivars, as compared with control and conditioning treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments significantly increased POX and CAT activities in fruit peel or juice relative to control.
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e0“All treatments significantly increased POX and CAT activities, whether in fruit peel or juice of both cultivars as compared with control”
Claim · model-written summary
HWD at 41°C for 20 min was more effective than the other treatment for POX and CAT activities.
- Taxon
- ORANGESt0
- Treatment
- HWD at 41°C for 20 min treatmente1
- Outcome
- POX and CAT activitiese0
- Direction
- more effectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e1“HWD at 41°C for 20 min treatment was more effective in this respect”
e0“All treatments significantly increased POX and CAT activities, whether in fruit peel or juice of both cultivars as compared with control”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduction in chilling injury was paralleled by higher POX and CAT activities in fruit peel and juice.
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e0“Generally, the reduction in chilling injury % was paralleled to higher POX and CAT activities in fruit peel and juice, and free phenols in juice”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduction in chilling injury was paralleled by higher free phenols in juice.
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e0“Generally, the reduction in chilling injury % was paralleled to higher POX and CAT activities in fruit peel and juice, and free phenols in juice”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher POX and CAT activities may explain how HWD reduced chilling injury incidence.
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e0“Generally, the reduction in chilling injury % was paralleled to higher POX and CAT activities in fruit peel and juice, and free phenols in juice”
e1“this may explain how and why the treatments reduced CI incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
Short postharvest HWD treatment induced tolerance to cold temperatures in oranges.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e0“Overall, it is concluded that short postharvest HWD treatment is preferable, since it effectively induced tolerance to cold temperatures in W. Navel and Valencia Late oranges without impairing any other postharvest qualities”
Claim · model-written summary
Short postharvest HWD treatment did not impair other postharvest qualities of oranges.
- Taxon
- orangese0
- Treatment
- short postharvest HWD treatmente0
- Outcome
- other postharvest qualitiese0
- Qualifier
- without impairinge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e0“Overall, it is concluded that short postharvest HWD treatment is preferable, since it effectively induced tolerance to cold temperatures in W. Navel and Valencia Late oranges without impairing any other postharvest qualities”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend short postharvest HWD treatment as preferable for oranges.
Verbatim
t0“VALENCIA AND NAVEL ORANGES”
e0“Overall, it is concluded that short postharvest HWD treatment is preferable, since it effectively induced tolerance to cold temperatures in W. Navel and Valencia Late oranges without impairing any other postharvest qualities”
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8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.