Abstract
Numerous strains of plant growth-promoting bacteria are used as biofertilizers to minimize the utilization of synthetic fertilizers, improve nutrients use efficiency, crop productivity and to reduce environmental pollution. This study was planned with the aims to assess the effects of seeds inoculation with different strains of nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria in conjugation with N fertilization from various combinations of farmyard manure (FYM) and urea on days to anthesis, days to physiological maturity, leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), physiological N use efficiency (PNUE), apparent N re-translocation (ANR), relative N accumulation rate (RN), N harvest index (NHI) and grain yield of wheat crop under the environmental conditions of Northern Pakistan. The experiment was carried out in RCB design with a factorial arrangement of treatments. Wheat seeds were inoculated with N-fixing bacterial strains viz. Azotobacter sp., Azospirillum ER-20, Rhizobium SK-8 and Pseudomonas K-1, and N were applied from three different combinations of FYM and urea i.e. 100% urea, 75% FYM and 25% urea, and 50% FYM and 50% urea. The results showed that days to anthesis (122), days to physiological maturity (162), CGR (10.31 g. m−1. day−1), grain yield (4016 kg ha−1), PNUE (43.1 kg grain kg−1N uptake), ANR (9.1 g kg−1 DM), NHI (79.4) and RN (0.1046 day−1) were increased (P < 0.05) by Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation, while maximum (P < 0.05) LAD (76 m. day−1) and NAR (0.19 g. m−1. day−1) were attained on Rhizobium SK-8 inoculation with N from 50% FYM and 50% urea, as compared to control. The grain yield revealed a significant (P < 0.001) correlation with CGR (0.76), NHI (0.72) and PNUE (0.68). The regression analysis exhibited a good estimate for grain yield (R2 = 0.83) and CGR (R2 = 0.57) in response to soil mineral N content. In conclusion, bacterial inoculation in conjugation with an equal ratio of N from the integrated sources improved the phenological and growth traits as well as N assimilation and grain yield of wheat crop. Therefore, it is suggested to plan long-term experiments to explore the potential of N-fixing bacteria in conjugation with integrated N-sources under different agronomic conditions for attaining sustainability in the wheat cropping systems.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
days to anthesis increased to 122 with Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation compared with control.
- Taxon
- wheat crop
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum Er-20e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas K-1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- days to anthesise0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 122e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that days to anthesis (122), days to physiological maturity (162), CGR (10.31 g. m−1. day−1), grain yield (4016 kg ha−1), PNUE (43.1 kg grain kg−1N uptake), ANR (9.1 g kg−1 DM), NHI (79.4) and RN (0.1046 day−1) were increased (P < 0.05) by Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation, while maximum (P < 0.05) LAD (76 m. day−1) and NAR (0.19 g. m−1. day−1) were attained on Rhizobium SK-8 inoculation with N from 50% FYM and 50% urea, as compared to control.”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
days to physiological maturity increased to 162 with Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation compared with control.
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum Er-20e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas K-1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- days to physiological maturitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 162e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that days to anthesis (122), days to physiological maturity (162), CGR (10.31 g. m−1. day−1), grain yield (4016 kg ha−1), PNUE (43.1 kg grain kg−1N uptake), ANR (9.1 g kg−1 DM), NHI (79.4) and RN (0.1046 day−1) were increased (P < 0.05) by Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation, while maximum (P < 0.05) LAD (76 m. day−1) and NAR (0.19 g. m−1. day−1) were attained on Rhizobium SK-8 inoculation with N from 50% FYM and 50% urea, as compared to control.”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CGR increased to 10.31 g. m−1. day−1 with Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation compared with control.
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum Er-20e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas K-1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- CGRe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.31 g. m−1. day−1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that days to anthesis (122), days to physiological maturity (162), CGR (10.31 g. m−1. day−1), grain yield (4016 kg ha−1), PNUE (43.1 kg grain kg−1N uptake), ANR (9.1 g kg−1 DM), NHI (79.4) and RN (0.1046 day−1) were increased (P < 0.05) by Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation, while maximum (P < 0.05) LAD (76 m. day−1) and NAR (0.19 g. m−1. day−1) were attained on Rhizobium SK-8 inoculation with N from 50% FYM and 50% urea, as compared to control.”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
grain yield increased to 4016 kg ha−1 with Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation compared with control.
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum Er-20e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas K-1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4016 kg ha−1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that days to anthesis (122), days to physiological maturity (162), CGR (10.31 g. m−1. day−1), grain yield (4016 kg ha−1), PNUE (43.1 kg grain kg−1N uptake), ANR (9.1 g kg−1 DM), NHI (79.4) and RN (0.1046 day−1) were increased (P < 0.05) by Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation, while maximum (P < 0.05) LAD (76 m. day−1) and NAR (0.19 g. m−1. day−1) were attained on Rhizobium SK-8 inoculation with N from 50% FYM and 50% urea, as compared to control.”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
PNUE increased to 43.1 kg grain kg−1N uptake with Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation compared with control.
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum Er-20e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas K-1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- PNUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 43.1 kg grain kg−1N uptakee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that days to anthesis (122), days to physiological maturity (162), CGR (10.31 g. m−1. day−1), grain yield (4016 kg ha−1), PNUE (43.1 kg grain kg−1N uptake), ANR (9.1 g kg−1 DM), NHI (79.4) and RN (0.1046 day−1) were increased (P < 0.05) by Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation, while maximum (P < 0.05) LAD (76 m. day−1) and NAR (0.19 g. m−1. day−1) were attained on Rhizobium SK-8 inoculation with N from 50% FYM and 50% urea, as compared to control.”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
ANR increased to 9.1 g kg−1 DM with Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation compared with control.
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum Er-20e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas K-1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- ANRe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.1 g kg−1 DMe0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that days to anthesis (122), days to physiological maturity (162), CGR (10.31 g. m−1. day−1), grain yield (4016 kg ha−1), PNUE (43.1 kg grain kg−1N uptake), ANR (9.1 g kg−1 DM), NHI (79.4) and RN (0.1046 day−1) were increased (P < 0.05) by Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation, while maximum (P < 0.05) LAD (76 m. day−1) and NAR (0.19 g. m−1. day−1) were attained on Rhizobium SK-8 inoculation with N from 50% FYM and 50% urea, as compared to control.”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
NHI increased to 79.4 with Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation compared with control.
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum Er-20e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas K-1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- NHIe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 79.4e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that days to anthesis (122), days to physiological maturity (162), CGR (10.31 g. m−1. day−1), grain yield (4016 kg ha−1), PNUE (43.1 kg grain kg−1N uptake), ANR (9.1 g kg−1 DM), NHI (79.4) and RN (0.1046 day−1) were increased (P < 0.05) by Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation, while maximum (P < 0.05) LAD (76 m. day−1) and NAR (0.19 g. m−1. day−1) were attained on Rhizobium SK-8 inoculation with N from 50% FYM and 50% urea, as compared to control.”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
RN increased to 0.1046 day−1 with Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation compared with control.
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Azospirillum Er-20e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas K-1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- RNe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.1046 day−1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that days to anthesis (122), days to physiological maturity (162), CGR (10.31 g. m−1. day−1), grain yield (4016 kg ha−1), PNUE (43.1 kg grain kg−1N uptake), ANR (9.1 g kg−1 DM), NHI (79.4) and RN (0.1046 day−1) were increased (P < 0.05) by Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation, while maximum (P < 0.05) LAD (76 m. day−1) and NAR (0.19 g. m−1. day−1) were attained on Rhizobium SK-8 inoculation with N from 50% FYM and 50% urea, as compared to control.”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
LAD reached a maximum of 76 m. day−1 with Rhizobium SK-8 and equal FYM and urea nitrogen compared with control.
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium SK-8 inoculation with N from 50% FYM and 50% ureae0
- Interactor
- Rhizobium SK-8e0symbiont
- Outcome
- LADe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 76 m. day−1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that days to anthesis (122), days to physiological maturity (162), CGR (10.31 g. m−1. day−1), grain yield (4016 kg ha−1), PNUE (43.1 kg grain kg−1N uptake), ANR (9.1 g kg−1 DM), NHI (79.4) and RN (0.1046 day−1) were increased (P < 0.05) by Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation, while maximum (P < 0.05) LAD (76 m. day−1) and NAR (0.19 g. m−1. day−1) were attained on Rhizobium SK-8 inoculation with N from 50% FYM and 50% urea, as compared to control.”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
NAR reached a maximum of 0.19 g. m−1. day−1 with Rhizobium SK-8 and equal FYM and urea nitrogen compared with control.
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium SK-8 inoculation with N from 50% FYM and 50% ureae0
- Interactor
- Rhizobium SK-8e0symbiont
- Outcome
- NARe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 0.19 g. m−1. day−1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that days to anthesis (122), days to physiological maturity (162), CGR (10.31 g. m−1. day−1), grain yield (4016 kg ha−1), PNUE (43.1 kg grain kg−1N uptake), ANR (9.1 g kg−1 DM), NHI (79.4) and RN (0.1046 day−1) were increased (P < 0.05) by Azospirillum Er-20 and Pseudomonas K-1 inoculation, while maximum (P < 0.05) LAD (76 m. day−1) and NAR (0.19 g. m−1. day−1) were attained on Rhizobium SK-8 inoculation with N from 50% FYM and 50% urea, as compared to control.”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was significantly correlated with CGR (r=0.76).
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 0.76e0
- Comparator
- CGRe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield revealed a significant (P < 0.001) correlation with CGR (0.76), NHI (0.72) and PNUE (0.68).”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was significantly correlated with NHI (r=0.72).
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 0.72e0
- Comparator
- NHIe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield revealed a significant (P < 0.001) correlation with CGR (0.76), NHI (0.72) and PNUE (0.68).”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was significantly correlated with PNUE (r=0.68).
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 0.68e0
- Comparator
- PNUEe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield revealed a significant (P < 0.001) correlation with CGR (0.76), NHI (0.72) and PNUE (0.68).”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil mineral N content gave a good regression estimate for grain yield (R2 = 0.83).
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- soil mineral N contente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- R2 = 0.83e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The regression analysis exhibited a good estimate for grain yield (R2 = 0.83) and CGR (R2 = 0.57) in response to soil mineral N content.”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil mineral N content gave a good regression estimate for CGR (R2 = 0.57).
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- soil mineral N contente0
- Outcome
- CGRe0
- Value
- R2 = 0.57e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The regression analysis exhibited a good estimate for grain yield (R2 = 0.83) and CGR (R2 = 0.57) in response to soil mineral N content.”
t0“wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial inoculation with equal nitrogen from integrated sources improved phenological and growth traits, nitrogen assimilation, and grain yield in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat cropTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- bacterial inoculation in conjugation with an equal ratio of N from the integrated sourcese0
- Outcome
- phenological and growth traits as well as N assimilation and grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In conclusion, bacterial inoculation in conjugation with an equal ratio of N from the integrated sources improved the phenological and growth traits as well as N assimilation and grain yield of wheat crop.”
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See all 5 papers →8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.