Abstract
The effects of UV radiation on Vitis vinifera cv Tempranillo grapes were studied under field conditions as influenced by ultraviolet (UV) band (UV-A and UV-B), UV-B level (ambient vs enhanced), grape phenological stage (pea-size, veraison, and harvest), grape component (skin, flesh, and seeds), and fraction from which phenolic UV-absorbing compounds (UVACs) were extracted (soluble vs insoluble). Ambient UV-B levels caused stronger effects than ambient UV-A. These effects included increases in flavonol contents (particularly quercetins and kaempferols), the expression of flavonol synthase and chalcone synthase genes (VvFLS4 and VvCHS1), and grape weight and size. In addition, the contents of flavanols and hydroxycinnamic acids increased under UV-B radiation at pea-size stage. All these compounds play physiological roles as antioxidants and UV screens. Synergic effects between UV-B and UV-A were observed. The responses of anthocyanins, stilbenes, and volatile compounds to UV were diffuse or nonexistent. Enhanced UV-B led to rather subtle changes in comparison with ambient UV-B, but differences between both treatments could be demonstrated by multivariate analysis. Pea-size and harvest were the phenological stages where the most significant responses to UV were found, while the skin was the most UV-responsive grape component. Soluble phenolic compounds were much more UV-responsive than insoluble compounds. In conclusion, UV radiation was essential for the induction of specific grape phenolic and volatile compounds. Given the physiological roles of these compounds, as well as their contribution to grape and wine quality, and their potential use as nutraceuticals, our results may have implications on the artificial manipulation of UV radiation.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Ambient UV-B caused stronger effects than ambient UV-A in Tempranillo grapes.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera
Vitis viniferat0 - Material
- Tempranillot1
- Treatment
- Ambient UV-Be0
- Outcome
- effectse0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- ambient UV-Ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ambient UV-B levels caused stronger effects than ambient UV-A”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
t1“Tempranillo”
Claim · model-written summary
Ambient UV-B increased flavonol contents, particularly quercetins and kaempferols, more than ambient UV-A in grapes.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Tempranillot1
- Treatment
- Ambient UV-Be0
- Outcome
- flavonol contentse1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Comparator
- ambient UV-Ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ambient UV-B levels caused stronger effects than ambient UV-A”
e1“These effects included increases in flavonol contents (particularly quercetins and kaempferols), the expression of flavonol synthase and chalcone synthase genes (VvFLS4 and VvCHS1), and grape weight and size”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
t1“Tempranillo”
Claim · model-written summary
Ambient UV-B increased expression of flavonol synthase and chalcone synthase genes (VvFLS4 and VvCHS1) more than ambient UV-A in grapes.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Tempranillot1
- Treatment
- Ambient UV-Be0
- Gene
- VvFLS4 and VvCHS1e1
- Outcome
- expression of flavonol synthase and chalcone synthase genese1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Comparator
- ambient UV-Ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ambient UV-B levels caused stronger effects than ambient UV-A”
e1“These effects included increases in flavonol contents (particularly quercetins and kaempferols), the expression of flavonol synthase and chalcone synthase genes (VvFLS4 and VvCHS1), and grape weight and size”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
t1“Tempranillo”
Claim · model-written summary
Ambient UV-B increased grape weight and size more than ambient UV-A.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Tempranillot1
- Treatment
- Ambient UV-Be0
- Outcome
- grape weight and sizee1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Comparator
- ambient UV-Ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ambient UV-B levels caused stronger effects than ambient UV-A”
e1“These effects included increases in flavonol contents (particularly quercetins and kaempferols), the expression of flavonol synthase and chalcone synthase genes (VvFLS4 and VvCHS1), and grape weight and size”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
t1“Tempranillo”
Claim · model-written summary
Contents of flavanols and hydroxycinnamic acids increased under UV-B radiation at the pea-size stage in grapes.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Tempranillot1
- Organ / stage
- pea-size stagee0
- Treatment
- UV-B radiatione0
- Outcome
- contents of flavanols and hydroxycinnamic acidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the contents of flavanols and hydroxycinnamic acids increased under UV-B radiation at pea-size stage”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
t1“Tempranillo”
Claim · model-written summary
Synergic effects between UV-B and UV-A were observed in grapes.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Tempranillot1
- Outcome
- Synergic effects between UV-B and UV-Ae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Synergic effects between UV-B and UV-A were observed”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
t1“Tempranillo”
Claim · model-written summary
Responses of anthocyanins, stilbenes and volatile compounds to UV were diffuse or nonexistent in grapes.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Tempranillot1
- Treatment
- UVe0
- Outcome
- responses of anthocyanins, stilbenes, and volatile compoundse0
- Direction
- diffuse or nonexistente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The responses of anthocyanins, stilbenes, and volatile compounds to UV were diffuse or nonexistent”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
t1“Tempranillo”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced UV-B led to rather subtle changes in grapes in comparison with ambient UV-B.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Tempranillot1
- Treatment
- Enhanced UV-Be0
- Outcome
- changese0
- Qualifier
- rather subtlee0
- Comparator
- ambient UV-Be0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enhanced UV-B led to rather subtle changes in comparison with ambient UV-B”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
t1“Tempranillo”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea-size and harvest were the phenological stages where the most significant responses to UV were found in grapes.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Tempranillot1
- Organ / stage
- Pea-size and harveste0
- Outcome
- most significant responses to UVe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pea-size and harvest were the phenological stages where the most significant responses to UV were found, while the skin was the most UV-responsive grape component”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
t1“Tempranillo”
Claim · model-written summary
The skin was the most UV-responsive grape component.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Tempranillot1
- Organ / stage
- skine0
- Outcome
- most UV-responsive grape componente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pea-size and harvest were the phenological stages where the most significant responses to UV were found, while the skin was the most UV-responsive grape component”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
t1“Tempranillo”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble phenolic compounds were much more UV-responsive than insoluble compounds in grapes.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Tempranillot1
- Compound
- Soluble phenolic compoundse0
- Outcome
- UV-responsivee0
- Direction
- much moree0
- Comparator
- insoluble compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soluble phenolic compounds were much more UV-responsive than insoluble compounds”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
t1“Tempranillo”
Claim · model-written summary
UV radiation was essential for the induction of specific grape phenolic and volatile compounds.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Tempranillot1
- Treatment
- UV radiatione0
- Outcome
- induction of specific grape phenolic and volatile compoundse0
- Direction
- inductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UV radiation was essential for the induction of specific grape phenolic and volatile compounds”
t0“Vitis vinifera”
t1“Tempranillo”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.