Abstract
Introduction Environmental condition and appropriate planting date are the most important factors in producing optimal yield. Different planting dates lead to adaptation of plant vegetative growth period to different temperatures, daytime, and solar radiation. Therefore, it affects the development, production of biomass and ultimately plant yield. The effect of environmental factors on phenological stages of the plant makes the planting date differ from region to region and between genotypes in one region. Determining the optimal time for planting an herb is very important and it is a major factor to achieve potential yield. Furthermore, vermicompost plays an effective role by making available the necessary nutrients. Despite many studies on the positive effects of Vermicompost on the growth of different plants, few studies have investigated the use of vermicompost for Dracocephalum moldavica at different planting dates. Therefore, this experiment aimed to examine the effects of different amounts of vermicompost on the growth, yield, and essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica at different planting dates.Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted byfactorial experiment based on completely randomized block design. The first factor included different planting dates at four levels (20 February, 5 March, 20 March, and 3 April) and the second factor included vermicompost at three levels (control and 5 and 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost). Samples were taken from plants in the field at 50% flowering stage to measure the concentration of leaf elements and physiological traits. At the end of the growth period, were measured the height, the number of lateral branches, dry weights of aerial organs, and root dry weight. To measure the percentage of essential oil, were harvested aerial organs in different treatments at the flowering stage. Analysis of data variances was performed using SAS software version 9.1. Duncan’s Multiple Range test was used to a comparison between means at p ≤ 0.05. It should be noted that the results of mean comparison were only presented for the traits that the effect of experimental factors on them was statistically significant.Results and DiscussionThe results indicated that the highest nitrogen and phosphorus content of leaves and dry weight of Dracocephalum moldavica were obtained in a treatment of 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost. The delayed planting changed physiological traits, including chlorophyll content and relative water content of leaves. Delayed planting due to the higher heat and drought stress decreased root growth and thus caused low water absorption from the soil. Therefore, the delay in planting reduced some growth indices of Dracocephalum moldavica Because of improved absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen, vermicompost resulted in further synthesis of the photosynthesis pigments. Regarding the results of this experiment, the greatest shoot dry weight, dry weight root and essence percentage were obtained by applying 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost, while the lowest one was observed in control treatment without applying vermicompost fertilizer. There was an increase in essential oil percentage and yield by the use of 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost. Furthermore, the planting date of 3 April reduced the yield of essential oil compared to the planting date of 20 March.ConclusionsIn general, the highest quantitative and qualitative yields of Dracocephalum moldavica were seen in the treatment of 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost. We recommend the planting date of 20 February and 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost for Dracocephalum moldavica planting. Providing a suitable growth medium, vermicompost increased the growth of Dracocephalum moldavica Therefore, organic fertilizers can be used to improve the quantitative and qualitative yield of herbs, and they are useful for medicinal applications in the perspective of this plant.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Ten t.ha-1 vermicompost gave the highest leaf nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavica
Dracocephalum moldavicae0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- 10 t.ha-1 of vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest nitrogen and phosphorus content of leaves and dry weight of Dracocephalum moldavica were obtained in a treatment of 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten t.ha-1 vermicompost gave the highest leaf phosphorus content.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavicaDracocephalum moldavicae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- 10 t.ha-1 of vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest nitrogen and phosphorus content of leaves and dry weight of Dracocephalum moldavica were obtained in a treatment of 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten t.ha-1 vermicompost gave the highest dry weight.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavicaDracocephalum moldavicae0
- Treatment
- 10 t.ha-1 of vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest nitrogen and phosphorus content of leaves and dry weight of Dracocephalum moldavica were obtained in a treatment of 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed planting changed leaf chlorophyll content and relative water content.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavica L.Dracocephalum moldavicat0
- Treatment
- delayed plantinge0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content and relative water content of leavese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The delayed planting changed physiological traits, including chlorophyll content and relative water content of leaves.”
t0“Dracocephalum moldavica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed planting decreased root growth under heat and drought stress.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavica L.Dracocephalum moldavicat0
- Treatment
- Delayed plantinge0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- higher heat and drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delayed planting due to the higher heat and drought stress decreased root growth”
t0“Dracocephalum moldavica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed planting caused low soil water absorption.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavica L.Dracocephalum moldavicat0
- Treatment
- Delayed plantinge1
- Outcome
- water absorption from the soile0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thus caused low water absorption from the soil”
e1“Delayed planting due to the higher heat and drought stress decreased root growth”
t0“Dracocephalum moldavica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting delay reduced some growth indices.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavicaDracocephalum moldavicae0
- Treatment
- delay in plantinge0
- Outcome
- growth indicese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the delay in planting reduced some growth indices of Dracocephalum moldavica”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost increased photosynthetic pigment synthesis through improved nutrient absorption.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavica L.Dracocephalum moldavicat0
- Treatment
- vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- synthesis of the photosynthesis pigmentse0
- Qualifier
- improved absorption of nutrients such as nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Because of improved absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen, vermicompost resulted in further synthesis of the photosynthesis pigments.”
t0“Dracocephalum moldavica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten t.ha-1 vermicompost gave greatest shoot dry weight versus the control.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavicaDracocephalum moldavicat0
- Treatment
- 10 t.ha-1 of vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Comparator
- control treatment without applying vermicompost fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the greatest shoot dry weight, dry weight root and essence percentage were obtained by applying 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost, while the lowest one was observed in control treatment without applying vermicompost fertilizer”
t0“Dracocephalum moldavica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten t.ha-1 vermicompost gave greatest root dry weight versus the control.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavicaDracocephalum moldavicat0
- Treatment
- 10 t.ha-1 of vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- dry weight roote0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Comparator
- control treatment without applying vermicompost fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the greatest shoot dry weight, dry weight root and essence percentage were obtained by applying 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost, while the lowest one was observed in control treatment without applying vermicompost fertilizer”
t0“Dracocephalum moldavica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten t.ha-1 vermicompost gave the greatest essence percentage versus the control.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavicaDracocephalum moldavicat0
- Treatment
- 10 t.ha-1 of vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- essence percentagee0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Comparator
- control treatment without applying vermicompost fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the greatest shoot dry weight, dry weight root and essence percentage were obtained by applying 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost, while the lowest one was observed in control treatment without applying vermicompost fertilizer”
t0“Dracocephalum moldavica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten t.ha-1 vermicompost increased essential oil percentage.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavicaDracocephalum moldavicat0
- Treatment
- 10 t.ha-1 of vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- essential oil percentagee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was an increase in essential oil percentage and yield by the use of 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost.”
t0“Dracocephalum moldavica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten t.ha-1 vermicompost increased essential oil yield.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavicaDracocephalum moldavicat0
- Treatment
- 10 t.ha-1 of vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was an increase in essential oil percentage and yield by the use of 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost.”
t0“Dracocephalum moldavica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting on 3 April reduced essential oil yield compared with 20 March.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavicaDracocephalum moldavicat0
- Treatment
- planting date of 3 Aprile0
- Outcome
- yield of essential oile0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- planting date of 20 Marche0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the planting date of 3 April reduced the yield of essential oil compared to the planting date of 20 March”
t0“Dracocephalum moldavica L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended planting on 20 February with 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavicaDracocephalum moldavicae0
- Outcome
- planting date of 20 February and 10 t.ha-1 of vermicomposte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We recommend the planting date of 20 February and 10 t.ha-1 of vermicompost for Dracocephalum moldavica planting.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded organic fertilizers can improve herb quantitative and qualitative yield.
- Taxon
- Dracocephalum moldavica L.Dracocephalum moldavicat0
- Outcome
- organic fertilizers can be used to improve the quantitative and qualitative yield of herbse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic fertilizers can be used to improve the quantitative and qualitative yield of herbs”
t0“Dracocephalum moldavica L.”
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