Abstract
Soil moisture and air temperature stress are the two major abiotic factors limiting lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.) growth and productivity in the humid tropics. Field experiments were conducted during winter seasons (November to March) of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 on clay loam soil (AericHaplaquept) of Eastern India to cultivate rainfed lentil, with residual moisture. The objective was to study the effect of different time of sowing and foliar spray of micronutrients in ameliorating the effect of heat and moisture stress lentil crop experience in its reproductive stage. The study was conducted with two different dates of sowing, November and December, as main plot treatment and micronutrients foliar spray of boron, iron, and zinc either alone or in combination as subplot treatment. No foliar spray treatment was considered as a control. The soil moisture content is depleted from 38 to 18% (sowing to harvest) during November sowing; however, in December sowing, the depletion is from 30 to 15%. The foliar spray of micronutrients helped to have a better canopy cover and thus reduced soil evaporation during the later stages of crop growth when the temperature was beyond the threshold temperature of the crop. Crop growth rate (CGR) and biomass were significantly higher ( p ≤ 0.05) for November sown crop and with foliar spray of boron and iron (FSB + FE) micronutrients. In the later stages of the crop when the soil moisture started depleting with no precipitation, the canopy temperature increased compared with air temperature, leading to positive values of Stress Degree Days (SDD) index. Delay in sowing reduced the duration by 11.4 days (113.5 vs. 102.1 days), resulting in varied accumulated Growing Degree Days (GDD). FSB + FE resulted in the highest yield in both years (1,436 and 1,439 kg ha −1 ). The results of the study concluded that the optimum time of sowing and foliar spray of micronutrients may be helpful to alleviate the soil moisture and heat stress for the sustainability of lentil production in the subtropical region.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
November sowing had soil moisture depletion from 38 to 18% between sowing and harvest.
- Taxon
- Lentil
Lens culinarist0 - Treatment
- November sowinge0
- Outcome
- soil moisture contente0
- Direction
- depletede0
- Value
- 38 to 18%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil moisture content is depleted from 38 to 18% (sowing to harvest) during November sowing”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
December sowing had soil moisture depletion from 30 to 15%.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- December sowinge0
- Outcome
- depletione0
- Value
- 30 to 15%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in December sowing, the depletion is from 30 to 15%”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar micronutrients improved canopy cover.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spray of micronutrientse0
- Outcome
- canopy covere0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The foliar spray of micronutrients helped to have a better canopy cover”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar micronutrients reduced soil evaporation late in crop growth.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spray of micronutrientse0
- Outcome
- soil evaporatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- during the later stages of crop growthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The foliar spray of micronutrients helped to have a better canopy cover and thus reduced soil evaporation during the later stages of crop growth when the temperature was beyond the threshold temperature of the crop”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
November sowing significantly increased crop growth rate and biomass.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- November sown crope0
- Outcome
- Crop growth rate (CGR) and biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop growth rate (CGR) and biomass were significantly higher ( p ≤ 0.05) for November sown crop”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron and iron foliar spray significantly increased crop growth rate and biomass.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spray of boron and iron (FSB + FE) micronutrientse0
- Outcome
- Crop growth rate (CGR) and biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop growth rate (CGR) and biomass were significantly higher ( p ≤ 0.05) for November sown crop and with foliar spray of boron and iron (FSB + FE) micronutrients”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-season canopy temperature exceeded air temperature as soil moisture depleted.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Outcome
- canopy temperaturee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- when the soil moisture started depleting with no precipitatione0
- Comparator
- air temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the later stages of the crop when the soil moisture started depleting with no precipitation, the canopy temperature increased compared with air temperature, leading to positive values of Stress Degree Days (SDD) index”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-season canopy temperature produced positive stress degree days.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Outcome
- Stress Degree Days (SDD) indexe0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“canopy temperature increased compared with air temperature, leading to positive values of Stress Degree Days (SDD) index”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing shortened crop duration by 11.4 days.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Delay in sowinge0
- Outcome
- duratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 11.4 dayse0
- Qualifier
- 113.5 vs. 102.1 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delay in sowing reduced the duration by 11.4 days (113.5 vs. 102.1 days)”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron and iron spray produced the highest yield in both years.
- Taxon
- LentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- FSB + FEe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1,436 and 1,439 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FSB + FE resulted in the highest yield in both years (1,436 and 1,439 kg ha −1 )”
t0“Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.