Abstract
Abstract Background Chitosan and Ca + are natural signal molecules that can be used in agriculture as biostimulants and elicitors. They enhance different physiological responses and mitigate the negative effects of salinity. So, this investigation was done to study the effect of soaking wheat grains in chitosan and CaCO 3 (20 and 40 mg/L) on alleviating the adverse effect of salinity stress (0.0 and 5000 mg/L) on growth, some biochemical and physiological and yields of wheat plant. Results Shoot length (cm), leaves no/tiller, shoot dry weight (g), root fresh weight (g) and root dry weight (g) were significantly decreased as a result of salt stress. Soaking wheat grains in Chitosan or CaCO 3 significantly promoted plant growth under normal and stressed conditions. Irrigation of wheat plants with saline water significantly decreased photosynthetic pigments ( Chlo - a , Chlo - b , carotenoids and total pigments) in addition to Chlo-a / Chlo - b ratio, indole acetic acid content in the plant leaves. Meanwhile, saline water significantly increased phenolics, total soluble sugars (TSS) and proline content. H 2 O 2 and lipid peroxidation expressed by malondialdehyde (MDA) content clearly showed significant increases under salinity stress compared with untreated control. Soaking wheat grains in chitosan or CaCO 3 before sawing significantly increased the accumulation of H 2 O 2 and MDA in the leaves of wheat plants. Treatment of wheat grains with chitosan or CaCO 3 significantly promoted the activity of various antioxidant enzymes (SOD and POX) as compared to the control. CAT activity was significantly decreased as a result of chitosan or CaCO 3 treatments. The highest CAT activity was recorded in plants irrigated with 5000 mg/L saline water followed by control plants which recoded 36.40 and 24.82 U/min/g FW, respectively. On the other hand, irrigation of wheat plants with 5000 mg/L saline water significantly decreased spike length (cm), spikelets no/spike, grains wt/plant (g), 1000-grains wt (g), yield and biomass/plant (g) as well as, carbohydrate % and protein % compared with the control. However, treating wheat plants either with Chitosan or calcium carbonate resulted in obvious significant increases in carbohydrates and protein contents, especially in plants treated with 40 mg/L chitosan followed by 40 mg/L calcium carbonate. Soaking wheat grains in chitosan, especially at 40 mg/L, exhibited the strongest scavenging potential (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate assay (DPPH%) followed by treatment with 40 mg/L CaCO 3 . Conclusion In conclusion, the used treatment enhanced the protective parameters such as antioxidant enzymes, total phenols and free radical scavengers and consequently helped the plants to decrease lipid peroxidation, increased their tolerance and improved yield and spike quality. Application of 40 mg/L chitosan recorded the highest increment in the scavenging ability of the natural antioxidants of the plant extract toward the stable free radical DPPH.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly decreased shoot length, leaf number, shoot dry mass and root fresh and dry mass.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- Shoot length (cm), leaves no/tiller, shoot dry weight (g), root fresh weight (g) and root dry weight (g)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot length (cm), leaves no/tiller, shoot dry weight (g), root fresh weight (g) and root dry weight (g) were significantly decreased as a result of salt stress.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan soaking significantly promoted wheat growth under normal and salt conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Chitosane0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soaking wheat grains in Chitosan or CaCO 3 significantly promoted plant growth under normal and stressed conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCO 3 soaking significantly promoted wheat growth under normal and salt conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- CaCO 3e0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soaking wheat grains in Chitosan or CaCO 3 significantly promoted plant growth under normal and stressed conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation significantly decreased photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll ratio.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- saline watere0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments ( Chlo - a , Chlo - b , carotenoids and total pigments) in addition to Chlo-a / Chlo - b ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation of wheat plants with saline water significantly decreased photosynthetic pigments ( Chlo - a , Chlo - b , carotenoids and total pigments) in addition to Chlo-a / Chlo - b ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation significantly decreased leaf indole acetic acid.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- plant leavese0
- Treatment
- saline watere0
- Outcome
- indole acetic acid contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“saline water significantly decreased photosynthetic pigments ( Chlo - a , Chlo - b , carotenoids and total pigments) in addition to Chlo-a / Chlo - b ratio, indole acetic acid content in the plant leaves.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline water increased phenolics, soluble sugars and proline.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- saline watere0
- Outcome
- phenolics, total soluble sugars (TSS) and proline contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“saline water significantly increased phenolics, total soluble sugars (TSS) and proline content.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity significantly increased H 2 O 2 and MDA relative to untreated control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 and lipid peroxidation expressed by malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H 2 O 2 and lipid peroxidation expressed by malondialdehyde (MDA) content clearly showed significant increases under salinity stress compared with untreated control.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan soaking increased leaf H 2 O 2 and MDA.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- accumulation of H 2 O 2 and MDAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soaking wheat grains in chitosan or CaCO 3 before sawing significantly increased the accumulation of H 2 O 2 and MDA in the leaves of wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCO 3 soaking increased leaf H 2 O 2 and MDA.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- CaCO 3e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of H 2 O 2 and MDAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soaking wheat grains in chitosan or CaCO 3 before sawing significantly increased the accumulation of H 2 O 2 and MDA in the leaves of wheat plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan increased SOD and POX activity versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- activity of various antioxidant enzymes (SOD and POX)e0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of wheat grains with chitosan or CaCO 3 significantly promoted the activity of various antioxidant enzymes (SOD and POX) as compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCO 3 increased SOD and POX activity versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- CaCO 3e0
- Outcome
- activity of various antioxidant enzymes (SOD and POX)e0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of wheat grains with chitosan or CaCO 3 significantly promoted the activity of various antioxidant enzymes (SOD and POX) as compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan significantly reduced CAT activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- CAT activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CAT activity was significantly decreased as a result of chitosan or CaCO 3 treatments.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCO 3 significantly reduced CAT activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CaCO 3e0
- Outcome
- CAT activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CAT activity was significantly decreased as a result of chitosan or CaCO 3 treatments.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CAT activity was 36.40 U/min/g FW under saline irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 5000 mg/L saline watere0
- Outcome
- CAT activitye0
- Value
- 36.40e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest CAT activity was recorded in plants irrigated with 5000 mg/L saline water followed by control plants which recoded 36.40 and 24.82 U/min/g FW, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
CAT activity was 24.82 U/min/g FW in controls.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- control plantse0
- Outcome
- CAT activitye0
- Value
- 24.82 U/min/g FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest CAT activity was recorded in plants irrigated with 5000 mg/L saline water followed by control plants which recoded 36.40 and 24.82 U/min/g FW, respectively.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation significantly reduced spike and yield traits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 5000 mg/L saline watere0
- Outcome
- spike length (cm), spikelets no/spike, grains wt/plant (g), 1000-grains wt (g), yield and biomass/plant (g)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation of wheat plants with 5000 mg/L saline water significantly decreased spike length (cm), spikelets no/spike, grains wt/plant (g), 1000-grains wt (g), yield and biomass/plant (g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation significantly reduced carbohydrate and protein percentages.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 5000 mg/L saline watere0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate % and protein %e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation of wheat plants with 5000 mg/L saline water significantly decreased spike length (cm), spikelets no/spike, grains wt/plant (g), 1000-grains wt (g), yield and biomass/plant (g) as well as, carbohydrate % and protein % compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan increased carbohydrate and protein contents, particularly at 40 mg/L.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 40 mg/L chitosane0
- Outcome
- carbohydrates and protein contentse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treating wheat plants either with Chitosan or calcium carbonate resulted in obvious significant increases in carbohydrates and protein contents, especially in plants treated with 40 mg/L chitosan”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium carbonate increased carbohydrate and protein contents, particularly at 40 mg/L.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 40 mg/L calcium carbonatee0
- Outcome
- carbohydrates and protein contentse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treating wheat plants either with Chitosan or calcium carbonate resulted in obvious significant increases in carbohydrates and protein contents, especially in plants treated with 40 mg/L chitosan followed by 40 mg/L calcium carbonate.”
Claim · model-written summary
40 mg/L chitosan gave the greatest DPPH scavenging ability, followed by 40 mg/L calcium carbonate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 40 mg/L chitosane0
- Outcome
- scavenging ability of the natural antioxidantse0
- Direction
- highest incremente0
- Comparator
- 40 mg/L CaCO 3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 40 mg/L chitosan recorded the highest increment in the scavenging ability of the natural antioxidants of the plant extract toward the stable free radical DPPH.”
t0“wheat”
e1“40 mg/L CaCO 3”
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See all 87 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.