Abstract
While dicamba and 2,4-D belong to the same herbicide group, dicamba- and 2,4-D-tolerant soybeans are not cross-resistant. A study was conducted to investigate dicamba-tolerant (DT) soybean response to 2,4-D micro-rates at three growth stages. The study used a randomized complete block design with six replications and a split-plot treatment arrangement. Main plots consisted of three 2,4-D application times [second trifoliate (V2); beginning of flowering (R1); and full flowering (R2)] and subplots consisted of six 2,4-D micro-rates (1/5; 1/10; 1/50; 1/100; 1/500; and 1/1,000 of the label recommended dose of 1,120 g ae ha-1) and a check with no herbicide applied. DT soybean injury symptoms were assessed at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment (DAT). Yield components, grain yield and yield loss were estimated. The greatest soybean injury (59%) at 21 DAT, delay in canopy closure (16.8 d), and reduction in number of branches plant-1 (52%), pods plant-1 (38%) and 100 seed weight (16%) which ultimately resulted in yield loss (78%) was caused by 1/5 of the label recommended dose of 2,4-D (214 g ae ha-1) at R1 growth stage. Based on effective dose (ED) estimates, 8.66 g ae ha-1 2,4-D caused 0.22 Mg ha-1 (5%) yield loss in DT soybean at R1 but a 1.34- and 2.11-fold higher dose of the same herbicide was required to cause equal yield loss at R2 and V2 growth stages, respectively. Similarly, the number of branches plant-1, pods plant-1 and flowers plant-1 were more sensitive to 2,4-D at R1 than V2 and R2 growth stages with the latter being the most sensitive yield component. On the other hand, 100 seed weight was 3.1- and 4.5-fold more sensitive to 2,4-D at R2 than R1 and V2 growth stages, respectively. Overall, these results showed that DT soybean is most sensitivity to 2,4-D at R1.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
At R1, a one-fifth label dose of 2,4-D caused soybean injury of 59%.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Organ / stage
- R1 growth stagee0
- Treatment
- 1/5 of the label recommended dose of 2,4-D (214 g ae ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- soybean injurye0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 59%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest soybean injury (59%) at 21 DAT, delay in canopy closure (16.8 d), and reduction in number of branches plant-1 (52%), pods plant-1 (38%) and 100 seed weight (16%) which ultimately resulted in yield loss (78%) was caused by 1/5 of the label recommended dose of 2,4-D (214 g ae ha-1) at R1 growth stage.”
t0“DT soybean injury symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
At R1, a one-fifth label dose of 2,4-D caused delay in canopy closure of 16.8 d.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R1 growth stagee0
- Treatment
- 1/5 of the label recommended dose of 2,4-D (214 g ae ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- delay in canopy closuree0
- Direction
- delaye0
- Value
- 16.8 de0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest soybean injury (59%) at 21 DAT, delay in canopy closure (16.8 d), and reduction in number of branches plant-1 (52%), pods plant-1 (38%) and 100 seed weight (16%) which ultimately resulted in yield loss (78%) was caused by 1/5 of the label recommended dose of 2,4-D (214 g ae ha-1) at R1 growth stage.”
t0“DT soybean injury symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
At R1, a one-fifth label dose of 2,4-D caused number of branches plant-1 of 52%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R1 growth stagee0
- Treatment
- 1/5 of the label recommended dose of 2,4-D (214 g ae ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- number of branches plant-1e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 52%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest soybean injury (59%) at 21 DAT, delay in canopy closure (16.8 d), and reduction in number of branches plant-1 (52%), pods plant-1 (38%) and 100 seed weight (16%) which ultimately resulted in yield loss (78%) was caused by 1/5 of the label recommended dose of 2,4-D (214 g ae ha-1) at R1 growth stage.”
t0“DT soybean injury symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
At R1, a one-fifth label dose of 2,4-D caused pods plant-1 of 38%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R1 growth stagee0
- Treatment
- 1/5 of the label recommended dose of 2,4-D (214 g ae ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- pods plant-1e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 38%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest soybean injury (59%) at 21 DAT, delay in canopy closure (16.8 d), and reduction in number of branches plant-1 (52%), pods plant-1 (38%) and 100 seed weight (16%) which ultimately resulted in yield loss (78%) was caused by 1/5 of the label recommended dose of 2,4-D (214 g ae ha-1) at R1 growth stage.”
t0“DT soybean injury symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
At R1, a one-fifth label dose of 2,4-D caused 100 seed weight of 16%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R1 growth stagee0
- Treatment
- 1/5 of the label recommended dose of 2,4-D (214 g ae ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- 100 seed weighte0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 16%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest soybean injury (59%) at 21 DAT, delay in canopy closure (16.8 d), and reduction in number of branches plant-1 (52%), pods plant-1 (38%) and 100 seed weight (16%) which ultimately resulted in yield loss (78%) was caused by 1/5 of the label recommended dose of 2,4-D (214 g ae ha-1) at R1 growth stage.”
t0“DT soybean injury symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
At R1, a one-fifth label dose of 2,4-D caused yield loss of 78%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R1 growth stagee0
- Treatment
- 1/5 of the label recommended dose of 2,4-D (214 g ae ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 78%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest soybean injury (59%) at 21 DAT, delay in canopy closure (16.8 d), and reduction in number of branches plant-1 (52%), pods plant-1 (38%) and 100 seed weight (16%) which ultimately resulted in yield loss (78%) was caused by 1/5 of the label recommended dose of 2,4-D (214 g ae ha-1) at R1 growth stage.”
t0“DT soybean injury symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
An estimated 8.66 g ae ha-1 dose of 2,4-D caused 0.22 Mg ha-1 yield loss at R1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- R1e0
- Treatment
- 8.66 g ae ha-1 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 0.22 Mg ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on effective dose (ED) estimates, 8.66 g ae ha-1 2,4-D caused 0.22 Mg ha-1 (5%) yield loss in DT soybean at R1 but a 1.34- and 2.11-fold higher dose of the same herbicide was required to cause equal yield loss at R2 and V2 growth stages, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
A higher dose was needed at R2 than R1 for equal yield loss.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on effective dose (ED) estimates, 8.66 g ae ha-1 2,4-D caused 0.22 Mg ha-1 (5%) yield loss in DT soybean at R1 but a 1.34- and 2.11-fold higher dose of the same herbicide was required to cause equal yield loss at R2 and V2 growth stages, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
A higher dose was needed at V2 than R1 for equal yield loss.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- V2e0
- Outcome
- dosee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.11-folde0
- Comparator
- R1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on effective dose (ED) estimates, 8.66 g ae ha-1 2,4-D caused 0.22 Mg ha-1 (5%) yield loss in DT soybean at R1 but a 1.34- and 2.11-fold higher dose of the same herbicide was required to cause equal yield loss at R2 and V2 growth stages, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Branches, pods and flowers per plant were more sensitive to 2,4-D at R1 than V2 and R2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- number of branches plant-1, pods plant-1 and flowers plant-1e0
- Direction
- more sensitivee0
- Comparator
- V2 and R2 growth stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, the number of branches plant-1, pods plant-1 and flowers plant-1 were more sensitive to 2,4-D at R1 than V2 and R2 growth stages with the latter being the most sensitive yield component.”
t0“DT soybean injury symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
Hundred-seed weight was more sensitive at R2 than R1 and V2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- 100 seed weighte0
- Direction
- more sensitivee0
- Comparator
- R1 and V2 growth stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the other hand, 100 seed weight was 3.1- and 4.5-fold more sensitive to 2,4-D at R2 than R1 and V2 growth stages, respectively.”
t0“DT soybean injury symptoms”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.