Abstract
Core Ideas The impact of simulated dicamba drift on growth and yield of glyphosate‐resistant soybean was similar among dicamba formulations. The impact of dicamba drift on soybean could be influenced by moisture condition of the environmental field. Late vegetative or early flowering stage of soybean was the most sensitive growth stage to dicamba drift. New dicamba‐based herbicides such as Engenia ( N , N ‐bis‐(3‐aminopropyl) methylamine salt) and XtendiMax (diglycolamine salt) with VaporGrip technology were developed to reduce dicamba volatility and drift; however, there are claims that these products can still volatilize or drift. Field studies were conducted to evaluate glyphosate ( N ‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine))–resistant (GR) soybean response to micro‐rates (0, 1/1000, 1/500, 1/100, 1/50, and 1/10 of the label rate, 560 g a.e. ha −1 ) of the two new dicamba products compared with Clarity (diglycolamine salt) applied at three growth stages. The GR soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was equally impacted by the micro‐rates of all three products as measured by visual injury, height reduction, delayed physiological maturity, and yield reduction. The greatest visual injury (80%), plant height reduction (65%), maturity delay (22 d), and soybean yield loss (96%) was caused by 1/10 of the dicamba label rate when applied at V7/R1 soybean growth stage. In addition, estimation of effective dose for 5, 10, or 20% yield reduction suggested that V7/R1 was the most sensitive soybean growth stage to the three dicamba products. For example, 10% yield reduction occurred when 1.83 to 1.85 g a.e. ha −1 (∼1/300 of the label rate) of Engenia was applied at V2 or R2, whereas, a lower dose of 0.32 g a.e. ha −1 (1/1750 of the label rate) of Engenia caused the same level of yield reduction when applied at V7/R1. Similar doses were estimated for Clarity and XtendiMax; therefore dicamba drift should be avoided at all costs, because GR soybean was equally sensitive to low rates of all three tested products with different formulations or technologies.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The three dicamba products similarly affected soybean injury, height, maturity, and yield.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Material
- GR soybeane0
- Outcome
- equally impacted by the micro‐rates of all three productse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The GR soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] was equally impacted by the micro‐rates of all three products as measured by visual injury, height reduction, delayed physiological maturity, and yield reduction.”
Claim · model-written summary
One-tenth label rate at V7/R1 caused 80% visual injury.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- V7/R1 soybean growth stagee0
- Treatment
- 1/10 of the dicamba label ratee0
- Outcome
- greatest visual injurye0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest visual injury (80%), plant height reduction (65%), maturity delay (22 d), and soybean yield loss (96%) was caused by 1/10 of the dicamba label rate when applied at V7/R1 soybean growth stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
One-tenth label rate at V7/R1 reduced soybean height by 65%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- V7/R1 soybean growth stagee0
- Treatment
- 1/10 of the dicamba label ratee0
- Outcome
- plant height reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 65%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest visual injury (80%), plant height reduction (65%), maturity delay (22 d), and soybean yield loss (96%) was caused by 1/10 of the dicamba label rate when applied at V7/R1 soybean growth stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
One-tenth label rate at V7/R1 delayed soybean maturity by 22 days.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- V7/R1 soybean growth stagee0
- Treatment
- 1/10 of the dicamba label ratee0
- Outcome
- maturity delaye0
- Direction
- delaye0
- Value
- 22 de0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest visual injury (80%), plant height reduction (65%), maturity delay (22 d), and soybean yield loss (96%) was caused by 1/10 of the dicamba label rate when applied at V7/R1 soybean growth stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
One-tenth label rate at V7/R1 caused 96% soybean yield loss.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- V7/R1 soybean growth stagee0
- Treatment
- 1/10 of the dicamba label ratee0
- Outcome
- soybean yield losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 96%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greatest visual injury (80%), plant height reduction (65%), maturity delay (22 d), and soybean yield loss (96%) was caused by 1/10 of the dicamba label rate when applied at V7/R1 soybean growth stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
V7/R1 was the most sensitive stage for yield reduction across dicamba products.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- V7/R1e0
- Outcome
- most sensitive soybean growth stagee0
- Direction
- most sensitivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“estimation of effective dose for 5, 10, or 20% yield reduction suggested that V7/R1 was the most sensitive soybean growth stage to the three dicamba products”
Claim · model-written summary
Engenia at V2 or R2 caused 10% yield loss at 1.83 to 1.85 g a.e. ha −1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- V2 or R2e0
- Treatment
- 1.83 to 1.85 g a.e. ha −1 (∼1/300 of the label rate) of Engeniae0
- Outcome
- yield reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“10% yield reduction occurred when 1.83 to 1.85 g a.e. ha −1 (∼1/300 of the label rate) of Engenia was applied at V2 or R2”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Engenia at V7/R1 caused the same 10% yield loss at 0.32 g a.e. ha −1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- V7/R1e0
- Treatment
- 0.32 g a.e. ha −1 (1/1750 of the label rate) of Engeniae0
- Outcome
- yield reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 0.32 g a.e. ha −1e0
- Comparator
- lower dosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a lower dose of 0.32 g a.e. ha −1 (1/1750 of the label rate) of Engenia caused the same level of yield reduction when applied at V7/R1”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Similar effective doses were estimated for Clarity and XtendiMax.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Similar dosese0
Not reportedMaterial
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar doses were estimated for Clarity and XtendiMax”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend avoiding dicamba drift because GR soybean is sensitive to low rates of all three products.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- dicamba drift should be avoided at all costse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dicamba drift should be avoided at all costs, because GR soybean was equally sensitive to low rates of all three tested products”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.