Abstract
Introduction of a new dicamba-resistant (Xtend) trait in soybean and cotton will increase dicamba herbicide use. Consequently, concern for injury to sensitive crops from off-target movement and tank contamination will likely increase. For soybean, foliar symptoms associated with dicamba damage do not necessarily reflect yield losses; hence, experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dicamba on soybean growth, yield, and offspring. Low rates of dicamba [1/64X (8.75 g ae ha-1) and 1/256X (2.18 g ae ha-1) of a normal 1X field rate (560 g ae ha-1)] were applied at two vegetative growth stages (V4, V6) and at each reproductive growth stage from R1 to R6. Compared to the nontreated check, dicamba applied during late vegetative and early reproductive growth of soybean caused leaf injury, plant height reduction, and yield loss. Regardless of soybean cultivar, the higher rate of 1/64X resulted in greater yield loss, with R1 being the most sensitive growth stage. Dicamba at 8.75 g ha-1 applied at R1 reduced mature soybean height 35 cm for an indeterminate cultivar and 23 cm for a determinate cultivar. Grain yield was reduced 14% for the indeterminate cultivar and 19% for the determinate cultivar. Injury and height reductions were less apparent when dicamba was applied during later growth stages. Offspring response to dicamba applied to parent plants the previous year was dependent upon application timing and dicamba rate. Negative effects to offspring were observed as reduced seed germination, seedling emergence, plant height, seedling vigor, pod malformation, and grain yield. Offspring had 17 to 23% injury when parent plants were treated from R4 to R6 with dicamba at 2.18 g ha-1. Seeds from the bottom of the plant were affected more by dicamba than seeds from the top of the plant; however, no relationship existed between grain yield and pod malformation. This research shows that soybean cultivar, growth habit, or planting date may influence soybean recovery from dicamba.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba at late vegetative and early reproductive stages caused soybean leaf injury versus the untreated check.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- dicamba applied during late vegetative and early reproductive growthe0
- Outcome
- leaf injurye0
- Direction
- causede0
- Comparator
- nontreated checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the nontreated check, dicamba applied during late vegetative and early reproductive growth of soybean caused leaf injury, plant height reduction, and yield loss”
Claim · model-written summary
The same dicamba treatment reduced plant height.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- dicamba applied during late vegetative and early reproductive growthe0
- Outcome
- plant height reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- nontreated checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the nontreated check, dicamba applied during late vegetative and early reproductive growth of soybean caused leaf injury, plant height reduction, and yield loss”
Claim · model-written summary
The same dicamba treatment caused yield loss.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- dicamba applied during late vegetative and early reproductive growthe0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Comparator
- nontreated checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the nontreated check, dicamba applied during late vegetative and early reproductive growth of soybean caused leaf injury, plant height reduction, and yield loss”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1/64X dicamba rate caused greater yield loss regardless of cultivar, with R1 most sensitive.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- higher rate of 1/64Xe0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- R1 being the most sensitive growth stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regardless of soybean cultivar, the higher rate of 1/64X resulted in greater yield loss, with R1 being the most sensitive growth stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba at R1 reduced mature height by 35 cm in an indeterminate cultivar.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- indeterminate cultivare0
- Treatment
- Dicamba at 8.75 g ha-1 applied at R1e0
- Outcome
- mature soybean heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dicamba at 8.75 g ha-1 applied at R1 reduced mature soybean height 35 cm for an indeterminate cultivar and 23 cm for a determinate cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba at R1 reduced mature height by 23 cm in a determinate cultivar.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- determinate cultivare0
- Treatment
- Dicamba at 8.75 g ha-1 applied at R1e0
- Outcome
- mature soybean heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 23 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dicamba at 8.75 g ha-1 applied at R1 reduced mature soybean height 35 cm for an indeterminate cultivar and 23 cm for a determinate cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield fell 14% for the indeterminate cultivar.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- indeterminate cultivare0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 14%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was reduced 14% for the indeterminate cultivar and 19% for the determinate cultivar”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield fell 19% for the determinate cultivar.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- determinate cultivare0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 19%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was reduced 14% for the indeterminate cultivar and 19% for the determinate cultivar”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Later dicamba applications produced less apparent injury and height reduction.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dicamba was applied during later growth stagese0
- Outcome
- Injury and height reductionse0
- Direction
- less apparente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injury and height reductions were less apparent when dicamba was applied during later growth stages”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Offspring response depended on application timing and dicamba rate.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dicamba applied to parent plants the previous yeare0
- Outcome
- Offspring responsee0
- Qualifier
- application timing and dicamba ratee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Offspring response to dicamba applied to parent plants the previous year was dependent upon application timing and dicamba rate”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Parent dicamba exposure reduced offspring seed germination and seedling emergence.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- seed germination, seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Negative effects to offspring were observed as reduced seed germination, seedling emergence, plant height, seedling vigor, pod malformation, and grain yield”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Parent dicamba exposure reduced offspring plant height and seedling vigor.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- plant height, seedling vigore0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Negative effects to offspring were observed as reduced seed germination, seedling emergence, plant height, seedling vigor, pod malformation, and grain yield”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Parent dicamba exposure caused offspring pod malformation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- pod malformatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Negative effects to offspring were observed as reduced seed germination, seedling emergence, plant height, seedling vigor, pod malformation, and grain yield”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Parent dicamba exposure reduced offspring grain yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Negative effects to offspring were observed as reduced seed germination, seedling emergence, plant height, seedling vigor, pod malformation, and grain yield”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Offspring had 17 to 23% injury after R4–R6 parent exposure at 2.18 g ha-1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- treated from R4 to R6 with dicamba at 2.18 g ha-1e0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Value
- 17 to 23%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Offspring had 17 to 23% injury when parent plants were treated from R4 to R6 with dicamba at 2.18 g ha-1”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bottom-plant seeds were more affected by dicamba than top-plant seeds.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- Seeds from the bottom of the plante0
- Outcome
- affectede0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- seeds from the top of the plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds from the bottom of the plant were affected more by dicamba than seeds from the top of the plant”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield and pod malformation were unrelated.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- pode0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- no relationshipe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no relationship existed between grain yield and pod malformation”
t0“Soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer cultivar, growth habit, or planting date may influence recovery from dicamba.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Material
- soybean cultivare0
- Outcome
- soybean recovery from dicambae0
- Qualifier
- may influencee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean cultivar, growth habit, or planting date may influence soybean recovery from dicamba”
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.