Abstract
Widespread resistance to glyphosate has made weed control very challenging. In response, new approaches to managing resistant biotypes such as the Enlist E3TM have been developed. This technology allows in-crop use of 2,4-D but there is fear associated with unintentional application of the herbicide (e.g. direct application, tank contamination, or spray drift) to sensitive crops. A study was conducted to evaluate Roundup Ready (RR) soybean growth and yield loss as influenced by 2,4-D [six micro rates of 1/5, 1/10, 1/50, 1/100, 1/500 and 1/1000 of the 1,120 g ae ha-1 label recommended dose, and a check with no herbicide applied] applied at V2, R1 and R2 growth stages. In general, RR soybean was more sensitive to 2,4-D at R1 than V2 and R2. The highest 2,4-D rate, 1/5 of the label recommended rate, caused 51% soybean injury symptom, 13 d canopy closure delay, 41.2% plant height reduction, and 68.9% yield loss at R1. Based on effective dose (ED) estimates, 37.7 g ae ha-1 2,4-D caused 5% yield loss (0.23 Mg ha-1) at R1 compared with a 2.5- and 2.0-fold higher dose at V2 and R2, respectively. With respect to number of days to canopy closure, both reproductive stages (R1 and R2) were equally less sensitive to 2,4-D than the vegetative one (V2) as the plants had already achieved maximum growth recorded. On the other hand, ED estimates for plant height have shown that both V2 and R2 were equally more sensitive to 2,4-D than R1. These results clearly indicated that RR soybean growth and yield loss were significantly influenced by the timing of exposure and amount of 2,4-D.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean was more sensitive to 2,4-D at R1 than V2 and R2.
Verbatim
e0“RR soybean was more sensitive to 2,4-D at R1 than V2 and R2”
Claim · model-written summary
A one-fifth label rate at R1 caused 51% injury.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Organ / stage
- R1e1
- Treatment
- 2,4-D rate, 1/5 of the label recommended ratee0
- Outcome
- soybean injury symptome0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 51%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest 2,4-D rate, 1/5 of the label recommended rate, caused 51% soybean injury symptom”
e1“and 68.9% yield loss at R1”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest rate delayed canopy closure by 13 days at R1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- R1e1
- Treatment
- 2,4-D rate, 1/5 of the label recommended ratee0
- Outcome
- canopy closure delaye0
- Direction
- delaye0
- Value
- 13 de0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest 2,4-D rate, 1/5 of the label recommended rate, caused 51% soybean injury symptom, 13 d canopy closure delay”
e1“and 68.9% yield loss at R1”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest rate reduced plant height by 41.2% at R1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- R1e0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D rate, 1/5 of the label recommended ratee0
- Outcome
- plant height reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 41.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest 2,4-D rate, 1/5 of the label recommended rate, caused 51% soybean injury symptom, 13 d canopy closure delay, 41.2% plant height reduction, and 68.9% yield loss at R1”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest rate caused 68.9% yield loss at R1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- R1e0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D rate, 1/5 of the label recommended ratee0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 68.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest 2,4-D rate, 1/5 of the label recommended rate, caused 51% soybean injury symptom, 13 d canopy closure delay, 41.2% plant height reduction, and 68.9% yield loss at R1”
Claim · model-written summary
At R1, 37.7 g ae ha-1 caused 5% yield loss.
Verbatim
e0“37.7 g ae ha-1 2,4-D caused 5% yield loss (0.23 Mg ha-1) at R1 compared with a 2.5- and 2.0-fold higher dose at V2 and R2, respectively”
e1“RR soybean was more sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
For canopy closure, R1 and R2 were less sensitive than V2.
Verbatim
e0“both reproductive stages (R1 and R2) were equally less sensitive to 2,4-D than the vegetative one (V2)”
e1“With respect to number of days to canopy closure”
e2“RR soybean was more sensitive”
Claim · model-written summary
For plant height, V2 and R2 were more sensitive than R1.
Verbatim
e0“ED estimates for plant height have shown that both V2 and R2 were equally more sensitive to 2,4-D than R1”
e1“RR soybean was more sensitive”
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label · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.