Abstract
Abstract Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 across four locations for a total of 6 site-years in the midsouthern United States to determine the effect of growth stage at exposure on soybean sensitivity to sublethal rates of dicamba (8.8 g ae ha −1 ) and 2,4-D (140 g ae ha −1 ). Regression analysis revealed that soybean was most susceptible to injury from 2,4-D when exposed between 413 and 1,391 accumulated growing degree days (GDD) from planting, approximately between V1 and R2 growth stages. In terms of terminal plant height, soybean was most susceptible to 2,4-D between 448 and 1,719 GDD, or from V1 to R4. However, maximum susceptibility to 2,4-D was only between 624 and 1,001 GDD or from V3 to V5 for yield loss. As expected, soybean was sensitive to dicamba for longer spans of time, ranging from 0 to 1,162 GDD for visible injury or from emergence to R2. Likewise, soybean height was most affected when dicamba exposure occurred between 847 and 1,276 GDD or from V4 to R2. Regarding grain yield, soybean was most susceptible to dicamba between 820 and 1,339 GDD or from V4 to R2. Consequently, these data indicate that soybean response to 2,4-D and dicamba can be variable within vegetative or reproductive growth stages; therefore, specific growth stage at the time of exposure should be considered when evaluating injury from off-target movement. In addition, application of dicamba near susceptible soybean within the V4 to R2 growth stages should be avoided because this is the time of maximum susceptibility. Research regarding soybean sensitivity to 2,4-D and dicamba should focus on multiple exposure times and also avoid generalizing growth stages to vegetative or reproductive.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean was most susceptible to 2,4-D injury between 413 and 1,391 GDD, approximately V1 to R2.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Organ / stage
- V1 and R2 growth stagese0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- most susceptiblee0
- Qualifier
- between 413 and 1,391 accumulated growing degree days (GDD) from plantinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regression analysis revealed that soybean was most susceptible to injury from 2,4-D when exposed between 413 and 1,391 accumulated growing degree days (GDD) from planting, approximately between V1 and R2 growth stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean terminal height was most susceptible to 2,4-D exposure between 448 and 1,719 GDD, V1 to R4.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- V1 to R4e0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- terminal plant heighte0
- Direction
- most susceptiblee0
- Qualifier
- between 448 and 1,719 GDDe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In terms of terminal plant height, soybean was most susceptible to 2,4-D between 448 and 1,719 GDD, or from V1 to R4.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum soybean yield-loss susceptibility to 2,4-D occurred between 624 and 1,001 GDD, V3 to V5.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- V3 to V5e0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- maximum susceptibilitye0
- Qualifier
- between 624 and 1,001 GDDe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, maximum susceptibility to 2,4-D was only between 624 and 1,001 GDD or from V3 to V5 for yield loss.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean visible injury sensitivity to dicamba extended from 0 to 1,162 GDD, emergence to R2, longer than for 2,4-D.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- emergence to R2e0
- Treatment
- dicambae0
- Outcome
- visible injurye0
- Direction
- longer spans of timee0
- Qualifier
- 0 to 1,162 GDDe0
- Comparator
- 2,4-De1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As expected, soybean was sensitive to dicamba for longer spans of time, ranging from 0 to 1,162 GDD for visible injury or from emergence to R2.”
e1“Regression analysis revealed that soybean was most susceptible to injury from 2,4-D when exposed between 413 and 1,391 accumulated growing degree days (GDD) from planting, approximately between V1 and R2 growth stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean height was most affected by dicamba exposure between 847 and 1,276 GDD, V4 to R2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- V4 to R2e0
- Treatment
- dicamba exposuree0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Qualifier
- between 847 and 1,276 GDDe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, soybean height was most affected when dicamba exposure occurred between 847 and 1,276 GDD or from V4 to R2.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean grain yield was most susceptible to dicamba between 820 and 1,339 GDD, V4 to R2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- V4 to R2e0
- Treatment
- dicambae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- most susceptiblee0
- Qualifier
- between 820 and 1,339 GDDe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regarding grain yield, soybean was most susceptible to dicamba between 820 and 1,339 GDD or from V4 to R2.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend considering specific exposure growth stage when evaluating off-target herbicide injury.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- specific growth stage at the time of exposure should be considerede0
- Qualifier
- when evaluating injury from off-target movemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Consequently, these data indicate that soybean response to 2,4-D and dicamba can be variable within vegetative or reproductive growth stages; therefore, specific growth stage at the time of exposure should be considered when evaluating injury from off-target movement.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba application near susceptible soybean at V4 to R2 should be avoided.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- application of dicamba near susceptible soybean within the V4 to R2 growth stages should be avoidede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, application of dicamba near susceptible soybean within the V4 to R2 growth stages should be avoided because this is the time of maximum susceptibility.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean herbicide sensitivity research should use multiple exposure times and avoid generalizing stages as vegetative or reproductive.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- focus on multiple exposure times and also avoid generalizing growth stages to vegetative or reproductivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Research regarding soybean sensitivity to 2,4-D and dicamba should focus on multiple exposure times and also avoid generalizing growth stages to vegetative or reproductive.”
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See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.