Abstract
Tomato, one of the most important vegetable crops, is widely cultivated around the world. Blossom drop is a common growing problem that can be extremely frustrating to the tomato production. The most frequent cause of tomato blossom drop is inappropriate temperature. In hot season, the stigma exsertion often occurs and causes the unsuccessful self-pollination, and finally markedly lowers fruit-setting.In this study, exogenous spray of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, natural auxins) , gibberellin A3 (GA3) , jasmonic acid (JA) and 2, 4-epibrassinolide (EBR) with different concentrations on tomato flower buds was conducted under controlled heat stress conditions using tomato cv.“Micro-Tom”, aiming to evaluate the influence of plant hormones on the heat-induced stigma exsertion. The growth of stamen and pistil was compared among different treatments. Meanwhile, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) , the changes of expression levels of some important genes involving auxin (IAA) , gibberellin (GA) , and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways, as well as phytochrome interacting factor (PIF) family genes were examined as exposed to exogenous GA3 or paclobutrazol (PAC) under moderate heat stress.The results indicated that tomato grown under the moderate heat stress developed the flowers with longer style and protruding stigma. Spraying GA3 under the moderate heat stress accelerated the tomato stigma exsertion, and the percentage of flowers for the stigma exsertion increased, whereas PAC, the inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis, could rescue the extent of stigma exsertion to some degree. Moreover, continuous GA3 application on the flower buds could significantly increase the tomato fruit-setting. Furthermore, JA treatment showed similar effects on increasing the percentage of flowers for stigma exsertion, but the exsertion extent was not obvious. However, the effect of IAA and EBR treatments on stigma exsertion also was not obvious. The expression analysis on eight hormone-related genes as well as four SlPIF genes in tomato stamen and pistil showed that the relative expression level of the gibberellin biosynthesis genes SlGA20ox2, encoding the main GA20ox in tomato, was significantly up-regulated in pistil when the flower buds were treated with GA3 under the moderate heat stress, whereas the gene SlDELLA, a repressor in the gibberellin signaling pathway, was down-regulated. In contrast, in stamen, SlGA3ox1, expected to be a negative feedback regulation in the gibberellin signaling pathway, was significantly up-regulated. The genes SlNCDE1 encoding a 9-cis-epoxy-carotenoid dioxygenase and SlCYP707A1 participating in putative (+) ABA 8’-hydroxylase metabolism were up-regulated in stamen. Moreover, SlPIF1-1 and SlPIF4 were down-regulated in pistil.In conclusion, under the moderate heat stress, gibberellin participates in the stamen and pistil elongation growth and has an important regulatory role in tomato stigma exsertion through gibberellin biosynthetic pathway, and the PIF may be involved in the regulation of gibberellin inducing tomato stigma exsertion event. Our study may provide some helpful information for further elucidating the precise roles of plant hormones on tomato stigma exsertion as well as enhancing fruit yields under the moderate heat stress.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato grown under moderate heat stress developed flowers with longer styles.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- moderate heat stresse0
- Outcome
- flowers with longer style and protruding stigmae0
- Direction
- longere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e0“tomato grown under the moderate heat stress developed the flowers with longer style and protruding stigma”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying GA3 under moderate heat stress accelerated stigma exsertion.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spraying GA3 under the moderate heat stresse1
- Compound
- GA3e1
- Outcome
- stigma exsertione1
- Direction
- acceleratede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e1“Spraying GA3 under the moderate heat stress accelerated the tomato stigma exsertion, and the percentage of flowers for the stigma exsertion increased, whereas PAC, the inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis, could rescue the extent of stigma exsertion to some degree”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying GA3 under moderate heat stress increased the percentage of flowers with stigma exsertion.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spraying GA3e1
- Compound
- GA3e1
- Outcome
- the percentage of flowers for the stigma exsertione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e1“Spraying GA3 under the moderate heat stress accelerated the tomato stigma exsertion, and the percentage of flowers for the stigma exsertion increased, whereas PAC, the inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis, could rescue the extent of stigma exsertion to some degree”
Claim · model-written summary
PAC, an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis, could partly rescue the extent of stigma exsertion.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PACe1
- Outcome
- the extent of stigma exsertione1
- Direction
- rescuee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e1“Spraying GA3 under the moderate heat stress accelerated the tomato stigma exsertion, and the percentage of flowers for the stigma exsertion increased, whereas PAC, the inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis, could rescue the extent of stigma exsertion to some degree”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous GA3 application on flower buds could significantly increase tomato fruit-setting.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- continuous GA3 applicatione2
- Compound
- GA3e2
- Outcome
- fruit-settinge2
- Direction
- increasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e2“continuous GA3 application on the flower buds could significantly increase the tomato fruit-setting”
Claim · model-written summary
JA treatment increased the percentage of flowers with stigma exsertion, with effects similar to GA3.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- JA treatmente3
- Outcome
- percentage of flowers for stigma exsertione3
- Direction
- increasinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e3“JA treatment showed similar effects on increasing the percentage of flowers for stigma exsertion, but the exsertion extent was not obvious”
Claim · model-written summary
JA treatment did not obviously change the extent of stigma exsertion.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- JA treatmente3
- Outcome
- the exsertion extente3
- Direction
- not obviouse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e3“JA treatment showed similar effects on increasing the percentage of flowers for stigma exsertion, but the exsertion extent was not obvious”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA treatment did not obviously affect stigma exsertion.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- IAAe4
- Outcome
- stigma exsertione4
- Direction
- not obviouse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e4“the effect of IAA and EBR treatments on stigma exsertion also was not obvious”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR treatment did not obviously affect stigma exsertion.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- EBRe4
- Outcome
- stigma exsertione4
- Direction
- not obviouse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e4“the effect of IAA and EBR treatments on stigma exsertion also was not obvious”
Claim · model-written summary
The gibberellin biosynthesis gene SlGA20ox2 was significantly up-regulated in pistil under GA3 and moderate heat stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- pistile5
- Treatment
- GA3e5
- Gene
- SlGA20ox2e5
- Outcome
- relative expression levele5
- Direction
- up-regulatede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e5“the relative expression level of the gibberellin biosynthesis genes SlGA20ox2, encoding the main GA20ox in tomato, was significantly up-regulated in pistil when the flower buds were treated with GA3 under the moderate heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The gibberellin signalling repressor SlDELLA was down-regulated in pistil under GA3 and moderate heat stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- pistile5
- Treatment
- GA3e5
- Gene
- SlDELLAe6
- Outcome
- relative expression levele5
- Direction
- down-regulatede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e5“the relative expression level of the gibberellin biosynthesis genes SlGA20ox2, encoding the main GA20ox in tomato, was significantly up-regulated in pistil when the flower buds were treated with GA3 under the moderate heat stress”
e6“the gene SlDELLA, a repressor in the gibberellin signaling pathway, was down-regulated”
Claim · model-written summary
The gibberellin biosynthesis gene SlGA3ox1 was significantly up-regulated in stamen under GA3 and moderate heat stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- stamene7
- Treatment
- GA3e5
- Gene
- SlGA3ox1e7
- Outcome
- relative expression levele5
- Direction
- up-regulatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e5“the relative expression level of the gibberellin biosynthesis genes SlGA20ox2, encoding the main GA20ox in tomato, was significantly up-regulated in pistil when the flower buds were treated with GA3 under the moderate heat stress”
e7“in stamen, SlGA3ox1, expected to be a negative feedback regulation in the gibberellin signaling pathway, was significantly up-regulated”
Claim · model-written summary
SlNCDE1 expression was up-regulated in stamen.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- stamene7
- Gene
- SlNCDE1e6
- Outcome
- relative expression levele5
- Direction
- up-regulatede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e5“the relative expression level of the gibberellin biosynthesis genes SlGA20ox2, encoding the main GA20ox in tomato, was significantly up-regulated in pistil when the flower buds were treated with GA3 under the moderate heat stress”
e6“The genes SlNCDE1 encoding a 9-cis-epoxy-carotenoid dioxygenase”
e7“SlCYP707A1 participating in putative (+) ABA 8’-hydroxylase metabolism were up-regulated in stamen”
Claim · model-written summary
SlCYP707A1 expression was up-regulated in stamen.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- stamene7
- Gene
- SlCYP707A1e7
- Outcome
- relative expression levele5
- Direction
- up-regulatede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e5“the relative expression level of the gibberellin biosynthesis genes SlGA20ox2, encoding the main GA20ox in tomato, was significantly up-regulated in pistil when the flower buds were treated with GA3 under the moderate heat stress”
e7“SlCYP707A1 participating in putative (+) ABA 8’-hydroxylase metabolism were up-regulated in stamen”
Claim · model-written summary
SlPIF1-1 and SlPIF4 were down-regulated in pistil.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- pistile6
- Gene
- SlPIF1-1 and SlPIF4e6
- Outcome
- relative expression levele5
- Direction
- down-regulatede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e5“the relative expression level of the gibberellin biosynthesis genes SlGA20ox2, encoding the main GA20ox in tomato, was significantly up-regulated in pistil when the flower buds were treated with GA3 under the moderate heat stress”
e6“SlPIF1-1 and SlPIF4 were down-regulated in pistil”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellin participates in stamen and pistil elongation and regulates tomato stigma exsertion through the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- gibberelline6
- Outcome
- stigma exsertione6
- Qualifier
- through gibberellin biosynthetic pathwaye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e6“gibberellin participates in the stamen and pistil elongation growth and has an important regulatory role in tomato stigma exsertion through gibberellin biosynthetic pathway”
Claim · model-written summary
The PIF gene family may be involved in regulating gibberellin-induced tomato stigma exsertion.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
- Gene
- PIFe6
- Outcome
- stigma exsertion evente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of gibberellin on tomato stigma exsertion”
e6“the PIF may be involved in the regulation of gibberellin inducing tomato stigma exsertion event”
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