Abstract
Abstract Salinity is a serious constraint that reduces olive crop productivity. Here, we defined metabolite and gene expression changes in various tissues of olive trees (cv. “Chondrolia Chalkidikis”) exposed to 75 mM NaCl for 45 days. Results showed that salinity induced foliar symptoms and impaired growth and photosynthetic parameters. The content of Na + and Cl − in roots, xylem, phloem and leaves increased, although the Na + levels in old leaves and Cl − in young leaves remained unaffected. Mannitol was accumulated in roots and old leaves challenged by salinity. NaCl‐treated trees have a decreased TCA‐associated metabolites, such as citric and malic acid, as well as changes in phenylpropanoid‐associated metabolites (i.e., pinoresinol and vanillic acid) and genes ( OePLRTp2 and OeCA4H ). Salt treatment resulted in hydroxyl‐decarboxylmethyl eleuropein aglycone accumulation and Oe GTF up‐regulation in new leaves, possibly suggesting that oleuropein metabolism was modified by NaCl. Tyrosine metabolism, particularly verbascoside levels and OePPO and OehisC expressions, was modulated by salinity. Both genes (e.g., OeAtF3H and OeFNSII ) and metabolites (e.g., apigenin and luteolin) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were induced in old leaves exposed to NaCl. Based on these data, we constructed an interaction scheme of changes in metabolites and transcripts across olive tissues upon salinity. Particularly, several metabolites involved in carbohydrate metabolism were reduced in roots, while many sugars, carbohydrates and flavonoids were increased in leaves. This study provided a framework for better understanding the possible mechanisms that govern the tissue‐specific response of olive tree to salinity stress, with insights into molecules that can be used for olive crop improvement projects.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity induced foliar symptoms in olive trees.
- Taxon
- olive trees
Olea europaeae0 - Material
- Chondrolia Chalkidikise0
- Treatment
- 75 mM NaCl for 45 dayse0
- Outcome
- foliar symptomse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“olive trees (cv. “Chondrolia Chalkidikis”) exposed to 75 mM NaCl for 45 days. Results showed that salinity induced foliar symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity impaired olive growth and photosynthetic parameters.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeae0
- Treatment
- 75 mM NaCl for 45 dayse0
- Outcome
- growth and photosynthetic parameterse0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“olive trees (cv. “Chondrolia Chalkidikis”) exposed to 75 mM NaCl for 45 days. Results showed that salinity induced foliar symptoms and impaired growth and photosynthetic parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Na+ and Cl− content increased in roots, xylem, phloem and leaves.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Organ / stage
- roots, xylem, phloem and leavese0
- Outcome
- content of Na + and Cl −e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“The content of Na + and Cl − in roots, xylem, phloem and leaves increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Na+ levels in old leaves were unaffected.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Organ / stage
- old leavese0
- Outcome
- Na + levelse0
- Direction
- remained unaffectede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“the Na + levels in old leaves and Cl − in young leaves remained unaffected”
Claim · model-written summary
Cl− levels in young leaves were unaffected.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- Cl − in young leavese0
- Direction
- remained unaffectede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“Cl − in young leaves remained unaffected”
Claim · model-written summary
Mannitol accumulated in salt-challenged roots and old leaves.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and old leavese0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- Mannitole0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“Mannitol was accumulated in roots and old leaves challenged by salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl treatment decreased TCA-associated metabolites including citric and malic acid.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- NaCl‐treatede0
- Outcome
- TCA‐associated metabolites, such as citric and malic acide0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“NaCl‐treated trees have a decreased TCA‐associated metabolites, such as citric and malic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl changed phenylpropanoid-associated metabolites pinoresinol and vanillic acid.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- phenylpropanoid‐associated metabolites (i.e., pinoresinol and vanillic acid)e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“changes in phenylpropanoid‐associated metabolites (i.e., pinoresinol and vanillic acid)”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl changed expression of OePLRTp2 and OeCA4H.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- genes ( OePLRTp2 and OeCA4H )e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“changes in phenylpropanoid‐associated metabolites (i.e., pinoresinol and vanillic acid) and genes ( OePLRTp2 and OeCA4H )”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt treatment accumulated hydroxyl-decarboxylmethyl eleuropein aglycone in new leaves.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Organ / stage
- new leavese0
- Treatment
- Salt treatmente0
- Outcome
- hydroxyl‐decarboxylmethyl eleuropein aglycone accumulatione0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“Salt treatment resulted in hydroxyl‐decarboxylmethyl eleuropein aglycone accumulation and Oe GTF up‐regulation in new leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt treatment up-regulated Oe GTF in new leaves.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- Salt treatmente0
- Gene
- Oe GTFe0
- Outcome
- Oe GTF up‐regulatione0
- Direction
- up‐regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“Salt treatment resulted in hydroxyl‐decarboxylmethyl eleuropein aglycone accumulation and Oe GTF up‐regulation in new leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity modulated verbascoside levels.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- verbascoside levelse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“Tyrosine metabolism, particularly verbascoside levels and OePPO and OehisC expressions, was modulated by salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity modulated OePPO and OehisC expression.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- OePPO and OehisC expressionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“Tyrosine metabolism, particularly verbascoside levels and OePPO and OehisC expressions, was modulated by salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl induced flavonoid biosynthesis genes OeAtF3H and OeFNSII in old leaves.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- genes (e.g., OeAtF3H and OeFNSII )e0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“Both genes (e.g., OeAtF3H and OeFNSII ) and metabolites (e.g., apigenin and luteolin) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were induced in old leaves exposed to NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl induced flavonoids apigenin and luteolin in old leaves.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- metabolites (e.g., apigenin and luteolin)e0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“Both genes (e.g., OeAtF3H and OeFNSII ) and metabolites (e.g., apigenin and luteolin) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were induced in old leaves exposed to NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
Several carbohydrate metabolism metabolites were reduced in olive roots.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- metabolites involved in carbohydrate metabolisme0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“several metabolites involved in carbohydrate metabolism were reduced in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugars, carbohydrates and flavonoids increased in olive leaves.
- Taxon
- olive treeOlea europaeat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- sugars, carbohydrates and flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“olive tree”
e0“many sugars, carbohydrates and flavonoids were increased in leaves”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.