Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Zinc (Zn) deficiency and low soil fertility are the major factors responsible for low yield in chickpea. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Zn application and plant growth‐promoting bacteria (PGPB) (endophyte Enterobacter sp. MN17) on soil health and aboveground biomass of desi and kabuli chickpea under natural field conditions. Zn was applied as seed priming (0.001 mol L −1 ) and soil application (10 kg Zn ha −1 ) with and without PGPB. To determine the impacts of Zn and PGPB on soil biological health, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil extracellular enzyme activities were analyzed at two growth stages: vegetative (90 days after sowing) and maturity (163 days after sowing). RESULTS The highest aboveground biomass (5.1 t ha −1 ) was recorded with Zn seed priming + PGPB in kabuli chickpea and in desi chickpea (4.8 t ha −1 ) with Zn seed priming only. The application of Zn significantly increased soil MBC, which was higher in kabuli (795 and 731 μg C g −1 ) compared to desi chickpea (655 and 533 μg C g −1 ) at both vegetative and reproductive growth stages, respectively. The highest extracellular soil enzyme activities, – β‐glucosidase (4758 nmol g −1 h −1 ), acid phosphatase (5508 nmol g −1 h −1 ), chitinase (5997 nmol g −1 h −1 ) and leucine aminopeptidase (993 nmol g −1 h −1 ) – were recorded with Zn seed priming. Of the chickpea types, kabuli chickpea had higher soil extracellular enzyme activities in the rhizosphere than desi chickpea. CONCLUSION Zn seed priming along with PGPB application may improve soil health and chickpea biomass in marginal soils. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Kabuli chickpea reached highest aboveground biomass with zinc seed priming and bacteria.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Material
- kabuli chickpeae0
- Treatment
- Zn seed priming + PGPBe0
- Interactor
- PGPBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5.1 t ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest aboveground biomass (5.1 t ha −1 ) was recorded with Zn seed priming + PGPB in kabuli chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Desi chickpea reached highest aboveground biomass with zinc seed priming alone.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Material
- desi chickpeae0
- Treatment
- Zn seed priming onlye0
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 4.8 t ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in desi chickpea (4.8 t ha −1 ) with Zn seed priming only.”
e1“The highest aboveground biomass (5.1 t ha −1 ) was recorded with Zn seed priming + PGPB in kabuli chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- application of Zne0
- Outcome
- soil MBCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of Zn significantly increased soil MBC”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil microbial biomass carbon was higher for kabuli than desi chickpea at both stages.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Material
- kabulie0
- Outcome
- soil MBCe1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 795 and 731 μg C g −1e0
- Qualifier
- 655 and 533 μg C g −1e0
- Comparator
- desi chickpeae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was higher in kabuli (795 and 731 μg C g −1 ) compared to desi chickpea (655 and 533 μg C g −1 ) at both vegetative and reproductive growth stages, respectively.”
t0“chickpea”
e1“The application of Zn significantly increased soil MBC”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc seed priming produced the highest soil β-glucosidase activity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Zn seed priminge0
- Outcome
- β‐glucosidasee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4758 nmol g −1 h −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest extracellular soil enzyme activities, – β‐glucosidase (4758 nmol g −1 h −1 ), acid phosphatase (5508 nmol g −1 h −1 ), chitinase (5997 nmol g −1 h −1 ) and leucine aminopeptidase (993 nmol g −1 h −1 ) – were recorded with Zn seed priming.”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc seed priming produced the highest acid phosphatase activity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Zn seed priminge1
- Outcome
- acid phosphatasee0
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 5508 nmol g −1 h −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“acid phosphatase (5508 nmol g −1 h −1 )”
t0“chickpea”
e1“The highest extracellular soil enzyme activities, – β‐glucosidase (4758 nmol g −1 h −1 ), acid phosphatase (5508 nmol g −1 h −1 ), chitinase (5997 nmol g −1 h −1 ) and leucine aminopeptidase (993 nmol g −1 h −1 ) – were recorded with Zn seed priming.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc seed priming produced the highest chitinase activity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Zn seed priminge1
- Outcome
- chitinasee0
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 5997 nmol g −1 h −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chitinase (5997 nmol g −1 h −1 )”
t0“chickpea”
e1“The highest extracellular soil enzyme activities, – β‐glucosidase (4758 nmol g −1 h −1 ), acid phosphatase (5508 nmol g −1 h −1 ), chitinase (5997 nmol g −1 h −1 ) and leucine aminopeptidase (993 nmol g −1 h −1 ) – were recorded with Zn seed priming.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc seed priming produced the highest leucine aminopeptidase activity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Zn seed priminge0
- Outcome
- leucine aminopeptidasee0
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 993 nmol g −1 h −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leucine aminopeptidase (993 nmol g −1 h −1 ) – were recorded with Zn seed priming.”
t0“chickpea”
e1“The highest extracellular soil enzyme activities, – β‐glucosidase (4758 nmol g −1 h −1 ), acid phosphatase (5508 nmol g −1 h −1 ), chitinase (5997 nmol g −1 h −1 ) and leucine aminopeptidase (993 nmol g −1 h −1 ) – were recorded with Zn seed priming.”
Claim · model-written summary
Kabuli chickpea had higher rhizosphere extracellular enzyme activities than desi chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Material
- kabuli chickpeae0
- Outcome
- soil extracellular enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- desi chickpeae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the chickpea types, kabuli chickpea had higher soil extracellular enzyme activities in the rhizosphere than desi chickpea.”
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