Abstract
Plants, as sessile organisms, have evolved complex systems to respond to changes in environmental conditions. Chitin is a Pathogen-Associated-Molecular Pattern (PAMP) that exists in the fungal cell walls, and can be recognized by plants and induce plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Our previous studies showed that Arabidopsis Toxicos en Levadura 12 (ATL12) is highly induced in response to fungal infection and chitin treatment. We used the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to characterize ATL12 and explore its role in fungal defense. Histochemical staining showed that pATL12-GUS was continually expressed in roots, leaves, stems, and flowers. Subcellular co-localization of the ATL12-GFP fusion protein with the plasma membrane-mcherry marker showed that ATL12 localizes to the plasma membrane. Mutants of atl12 are more susceptible to Golovinomyces cichoracearum infection, while overexpression of ATL12 increased plant resistance to the fungus. ATL12 is highly induced by chitin after two hours of treatment and ATL12 may act downstream of MAPK cascades. Additionally, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining indicated that atl12 mutants generate less reactive oxygen species compared to wild-type Col-0 plants and RT-PCR indicated that ATL12-regulated ROS production may be linked to the expression of respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein D/F (AtRBOHD/F). Furthermore, we present evidence that ATL12 expression is upregulated after treatment with both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. Taken together, these results suggest a role for ATL12 in crosstalk between hormonal, chitin-induced, and NADPH oxidase-mediated defense responses in Arabidopsis.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
pATL12-GUS was continually expressed in roots, leaves, stems and flowers of Arabidopsis thaliana.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae7 - Organ / stage
- roots, leaves, stems, and flowerse0
- Gene
- pATL12e0
- Outcome
- pATL12-GUS was continually expressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“We used the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to characterize ATL12”
e0“Histochemical staining showed that pATL12-GUS was continually expressed in roots, leaves, stems, and flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
ATL12 localizes to the plasma membrane.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Gene
- ATL12e1
- Outcome
- subcellular co-localizatione1
- Qualifier
- localizes to the plasma membranee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“We used the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to characterize ATL12”
e1“Subcellular co-localization of the ATL12-GFP fusion protein with the plasma membrane-mcherry marker showed that ATL12 localizes to the plasma membrane”
Claim · model-written summary
atl12 mutants are more susceptible to Golovinomyces cichoracearum infection than wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Material
- atl12e2
- Treatment
- Golovinomyces cichoracearum infectione2
- Interactor
- Golovinomyces cichoracearum
Golovinomyces cichoracearume2pathogen - Outcome
- susceptible to Golovinomyces cichoracearum infectione2
- Direction
- more susceptiblee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“We used the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to characterize ATL12”
e2“Mutants of atl12 are more susceptible to Golovinomyces cichoracearum infection, while overexpression of ATL12 increased plant resistance to the fungus”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of ATL12 increased Arabidopsis resistance to Golovinomyces cichoracearum.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Treatment
- overexpression of ATL12e2
- Interactor
- Golovinomyces cichoracearumGolovinomyces cichoracearume2pathogen
- Outcome
- plant resistancee2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“We used the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to characterize ATL12”
e2“Mutants of atl12 are more susceptible to Golovinomyces cichoracearum infection, while overexpression of ATL12 increased plant resistance to the fungus”
Claim · model-written summary
ATL12 is highly induced by chitin after two hours of treatment.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Treatment
- chitine3
- Gene
- ATL12e3
- Outcome
- ATL12 is highly inducede3
- Direction
- highly inducede3
- Qualifier
- after two hours of treatmente3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“We used the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to characterize ATL12”
e3“ATL12 is highly induced by chitin after two hours of treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
atl12 mutants generate less reactive oxygen species than wild-type Col-0 plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Material
- atl12 mutantse4
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen speciese4
- Direction
- lesse4
- Comparator
- wild-type Col-0 plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“We used the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to characterize ATL12”
e4“staining indicated that atl12 mutants generate less reactive oxygen species compared to wild-type Col-0 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ATL12-regulated ROS production may be linked to the expression of AtRBOHD/F.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Gene
- AtRBOHD/Fe5
- Outcome
- ROS productione5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“We used the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to characterize ATL12”
e5“RT-PCR indicated that ATL12-regulated ROS production may be linked to the expression of respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein D/F (AtRBOHD/F)”
Claim · model-written summary
ATL12 expression is upregulated after treatment with salicylic acid and jasmonic acid.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Treatment
- salicylic acid and jasmonic acide6
- Gene
- ATL12e6
- Outcome
- ATL12 expressione6
- Direction
- upregulatede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“We used the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to characterize ATL12”
e6“we present evidence that ATL12 expression is upregulated after treatment with both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid”
The same questions in other papers
jasmonic acid · molecular: expression · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →salicylic acid · molecular: expression · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
24 papers more in this group
See all 28 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.