Abstract
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are signals detected by plants that activate basal defenses. One of these PAMPs is chitin, a carbohydrate present in the cell walls of fungi and in insect exoskeletons. Previous work has shown that chitin treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana induced defense-related genes in the absence of a pathogen and that the response was independent of the salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. One of these genes is ATL9 ( = ATL2G), which encodes a RING zinc-finger like protein. In the current work we demonstrate that ATL9 has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. The expression pattern of ATL9 is positively correlated with basal defense responses against Golovinomyces cichoracearum, a biotrophic fungal pathogen. The basal levels of expression and the induction of ATL9 by chitin, in wild type plants, depends on the activity of NADPH oxidases suggesting that chitin-mediated defense response is NADPH oxidase dependent. Although ATL9 expression is not induced by treatment with known defense hormones (SA, JA or ET), full expression in response to chitin is compromised slightly in mutants where ET- or SA-dependent signaling is suppressed. Microarray analysis of the atl9 mutant revealed candidate genes that appear to act downstream of ATL9 in chitin-mediated defenses. These results hint at the complexity of chitin-mediated signaling and the potential interplay between elicitor-mediated signaling, signaling via known defense pathways and the oxidative burst.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
ATL9 had E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae7 - Gene
- ATL9e0
- Outcome
- E3 ubiquitin ligase activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ATL9 has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity”
e7“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ATL9 localized to the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Gene
- ATL9e0
- Outcome
- localized to the endoplasmic reticulume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ATL9 has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum”
e7“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ATL9 expression correlated positively with basal defense against Golovinomyces cichoracearum.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Interactor
- Golovinomyces cichoracearum
Golovinomyces cichoracearume0pathogen - Gene
- ATL9e0
- Outcome
- basal defense responsese0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression pattern of ATL9 is positively correlated with basal defense responses against Golovinomyces cichoracearum”
e7“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Basal and chitin induced ATL9 expression depended on NADPH oxidase activity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Gene
- ATL9e0
- Outcome
- induction of ATL9 by chitine0
- Qualifier
- depends on the activity of NADPH oxidasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The basal levels of expression and the induction of ATL9 by chitin, in wild type plants, depends on the activity of NADPH oxidases”
e7“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Defense hormone treatments did not induce ATL9 expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Treatment
- known defense hormones (SA, JA or ET)e0
- Gene
- ATL9e0
- Outcome
- ATL9 expressione0
- Direction
- not inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ATL9 expression is not induced by treatment with known defense hormones (SA, JA or ET)”
e7“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitin induced ATL9 expression was slightly compromised when ET or SA signaling was suppressed.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Treatment
- ET- or SA-dependent signaling is suppressede0
- Outcome
- full expression in response to chitine0
- Direction
- compromised slightlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“full expression in response to chitin is compromised slightly in mutants where ET- or SA-dependent signaling is suppressed”
e7“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Microarray analysis identified candidate genes downstream of ATL9 in chitin defense.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Material
- atl9 mutante0
- Gene
- ATL9e0
- Outcome
- candidate genes that appear to act downstream of ATL9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microarray analysis of the atl9 mutant revealed candidate genes that appear to act downstream of ATL9 in chitin-mediated defenses”
e7“Arabidopsis thaliana”
The same questions in other papers
jasmonic acid · molecular: expression · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →ethene · molecular: expression · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →salicylic acid · molecular: expression · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
24 papers more in this group
See all 28 papers →class · molecular: expression · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 23 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
39 papers more in this group
See all 43 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.