Abstract
Seed germination, a critical stage initiating the life cycle of a plant, is severely affected by salt stress. However, the underlying mechanism of salt inhibition of seed germination (SSG) is unclear. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1) counteracts SSG Genetic assays provide evidence that SSG in loss of function of the COP1 mutant was stronger than this in the wild type. A GUS-COP1 fusion was constitutively localized to the nucleus in radicle cells. Salt treatment caused COP1 to be retained in the cytosol, but the addition of ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate had the reverse effect on the translocation of COP1 to the nucleus, revealing that ethylene and salt exert opposite regulatory effects on the localization of COP1 in germinating seeds. However, loss of function of the ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) mutant impaired the ethylene-mediated rescue of the salt restriction of COP1 to the nucleus. Further research showed that the interaction between COP1 and LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) had a role in SSG Correspondingly, SSG in loss of function of HY5 was suppressed. Biochemical detection showed that salt promoted the stabilization of HY5, whereas ethylene restricted its accumulation. Furthermore, salt treatment stimulated and ethylene suppressed transcription of ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5), which was directly transcriptionally regulated by HY5. Together, our results reveal that salt stress and ethylene antagonistically regulate nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of COP1, thereby controlling Arabidopsis seed germination via the COP1-mediated down-regulation of HY5 and ABI5. These findings enhance our understanding of the stress response and have great potential for application in agricultural production.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of COP1 strengthened salt inhibition of Arabidopsis seed germination relative to wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Material
- loss of function of the COP1 mutante0
- Treatment
- Salt Stresst1
- Gene
- COP1e0
- Outcome
- SSGe0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSG in loss of function of the COP1 mutant was stronger than this in the wild type”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)”
t1“Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
GUS-COP1 was constitutively nuclear in radicle cells.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- radicle cellse0
- Gene
- GUS-COP1e0
- Outcome
- localized to the nucleuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A GUS-COP1 fusion was constitutively localized to the nucleus in radicle cells.”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt retained COP1 in the cytosol.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Salt treatmente0
- Gene
- COP1e0
- Outcome
- COP1 to be retained in the cytosole0
- Direction
- retainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt treatment caused COP1 to be retained in the cytosol”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene precursor reversed the salt restriction of COP1 nuclear translocation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylatee0
- Gene
- COP1e0
- Outcome
- translocation of COP1 to the nucleuse0
- Direction
- reverse effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate had the reverse effect on the translocation of COP1 to the nucleus”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of EIN3 impaired ethylene rescue of COP1 nuclear localization under salt.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- loss of function of the ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) mutante0
- Treatment
- ethylene-mediated rescuee0
- Gene
- ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3)e0
- Outcome
- salt restriction of COP1 to the nucleuse0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“loss of function of the ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) mutant impaired the ethylene-mediated rescue of the salt restriction of COP1 to the nucleus”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)”
Claim · model-written summary
COP1 and HY5 interaction had a role in salt inhibition of germination.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- COP1 and LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5)e0
- Outcome
- SSGe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction between COP1 and LONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) had a role in SSG”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of HY5 suppressed salt inhibition of germination.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- loss of function of HY5e0
- Treatment
- Salt Stresst1
- Gene
- HY5e0
- Outcome
- SSGe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSG in loss of function of HY5 was suppressed.”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)”
t1“Salt Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stabilized HY5.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- salte0
- Gene
- HY5e0
- Outcome
- stabilization of HY5e0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt promoted the stabilization of HY5”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene restricted HY5 accumulation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- ethylenee0
- Gene
- HY5e1
- Outcome
- accumulatione0
- Direction
- restrictede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethylene restricted its accumulation”
e1“stabilization of HY5”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stimulated ABI5 transcription.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- salt treatmente0
- Gene
- ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5)e0
- Outcome
- transcription of ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5)e0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt treatment stimulated and ethylene suppressed transcription of ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5)”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene suppressed ABI5 transcription.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- ethylenee0
- Gene
- ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5)e0
- Outcome
- transcription of ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5)e0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt treatment stimulated and ethylene suppressed transcription of ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5)”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)”
Claim · model-written summary
HY5 directly regulated ABI5 transcription.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- HY5e0
- Outcome
- transcription of ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5)e0
- Qualifier
- directly transcriptionally regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcription of ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5), which was directly transcriptionally regulated by HY5”
t0“Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)”
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