Abstract
In this study, we assessed the efficiency of a deficit irrigation program (DIP) on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield and economic profits. The DIP was designed to combine frequency and volume of irrigation to develop an appropriate irrigation water management (IWM) strategy for groundnut. Two field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, with a bunch variety of groundnut, VRI 2, under a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The treatments included DIP in combination with a foliar application of pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacteria (PPFM). The irrigation frequencies adopted for the first set of treatments were high frequency (5/5), medium frequency (7/5), and lower frequency (7/7) starting from 14 days after sowing (DAS). The effects of early water stress on groundnut pod yield and water use efficiency were investigated in a second experiment by starting irrigation at 21 DAS. The number of irrigation frequencies and irrigation volume was fixed to develop an easily readable irrigation chart for end-users. The number of irrigation frequencies was fixed as three, and the volume of irrigation was fixed as a depth of 3 cm. In the first experiment, a mini mobile pumping unit was used for scheduling irrigation frequencies; in the second experiment, the surface drip method was used. In both experiments, we also assessed the effects of foliar application of PPFM, widely used as a growth stimulant for several crops, especially under drought conditions. Overall, we observed that DIP led to up to 25.6% water saving compared to surface irrigation. Use of the DIP at the medium frequency with PPFM spray had a significantly positive influence on water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) compared to conventional drip irrigation (CDI). Compared to surface irrigation (SI), DIP had a positive impact on growth parameters, yield attributes, and economic profitability with a higher benefit-cost ratio. Additionally, there were only minor differences between deficit irrigation (DI) results starting from 21 DAS and 14 DAS. Irrespective of the irrigation techniques, PPFM application had a positive effect on the yield attributes and WUE. Our results indicated that DI at a medium frequency (7/5) with PPFM spray, starting from 21 DAS under drip fertigation, is the best irrigation management innovation (IMI) strategy for optimum utilization of irrigation water without significant reduction in pod yield. This management had a positive influence on WUE and IWUE of summer groundnut in sandy clay loam soil. However, the exact scheduling of the irrigation may differ in different environments as well as soil types. Nevertheless, we propose that the application and further optimization of the DIP devised in this study would help the farmers attain a similar yield using a lower amount of irrigation water and lead to significant economic profits for the farmers.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation saved up to 25.6% water versus surface irrigation.
- Taxon
- groundnut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- DIPe0
- Outcome
- water savinge0
- Direction
- savinge0
- Value
- 25.6%e0
- Comparator
- surface irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DIP led to up to 25.6% water saving compared to surface irrigation”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium-frequency DIP with PPFM significantly improved WUE and IWUE versus conventional drip irrigation.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- DIP at the medium frequency with PPFM spraye0
- Interactor
- PPFMe0other
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE)e0
- Direction
- positive influencee0
- Comparator
- conventional drip irrigation (CDI)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Use of the DIP at the medium frequency with PPFM spray had a significantly positive influence on water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) compared to conventional drip irrigation (CDI)”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
DIP improved groundnut growth parameters, yield attributes and economic profitability versus surface irrigation.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- DIPe0
- Outcome
- growth parameters, yield attributes, and economic profitabilitye0
- Direction
- positive impacte0
- Qualifier
- higher benefit-cost ratioe0
- Comparator
- surface irrigation (SI)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to surface irrigation (SI), DIP had a positive impact on growth parameters, yield attributes, and economic profitability with a higher benefit-cost ratio”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation beginning at 21 versus 14 DAS produced only minor differences.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigation (DI) results starting from 21 DASe0
- Outcome
- deficit irrigation (DI) resultse0
- Direction
- minor differencese0
- Comparator
- 14 DASe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were only minor differences between deficit irrigation (DI) results starting from 21 DAS and 14 DAS”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
PPFM application improved yield attributes and WUE across irrigation techniques.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- PPFM applicatione0
- Interactor
- PPFMe0other
- Outcome
- yield attributes and WUEe0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrespective of the irrigation techniques, PPFM application had a positive effect on the yield attributes and WUE”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium-frequency DI with PPFM from 21 DAS under drip fertigation avoided a significant pod-yield reduction.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- DI at a medium frequency (7/5) with PPFM spray, starting from 21 DAS under drip fertigatione0
- Interactor
- PPFMe0other
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- without significant reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI at a medium frequency (7/5) with PPFM spray, starting from 21 DAS under drip fertigation, is the best irrigation management innovation (IMI) strategy for optimum utilization of irrigation water without significant reduction in pod yield”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
This management improved WUE and IWUE in summer groundnut on sandy clay loam soil.
- Taxon
- summer groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- This managemente0
- Outcome
- WUE and IWUEe0
- Direction
- positive influencee0
- Setting
- sandy clay loam soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This management had a positive influence on WUE and IWUE of summer groundnut in sandy clay loam soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend medium-frequency DI with PPFM beginning at 21 DAS under drip fertigation.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- DI at a medium frequency (7/5) with PPFM spray, starting from 21 DAS under drip fertigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DI at a medium frequency (7/5) with PPFM spray, starting from 21 DAS under drip fertigation, is the best irrigation management innovation (IMI) strategy”
t0“groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose further optimization of DIP to maintain yield with less irrigation water and improve profits.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- application and further optimization of the DIPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we propose that the application and further optimization of the DIP devised in this study would help the farmers attain a similar yield using a lower amount of irrigation water and lead to significant economic profits for the farmers”
t0“groundnut”
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