Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) play important roles in various biological processes by silencing their corresponding target genes in most eukaryotes. However, cross-kingdom regulation mediated by fungal microRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) in plant-pathogen interactions is still largely unknown. Using molecular, genetic, histological, and biochemical approaches, we found that the apple tree Valsa canker pathogen Valsa mali milRNA Vm-milR1 could suppress the host immunity by silencing two host receptor-like kinase genes, MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2. Vm-milR1 was highly induced during V. mali infection. Deletion of Vm-milR1 precursor abolished the generation of Vm-milR1 and reduced the virulence of V. mali. Inoculation of Vm-milR1 deletion mutants induced the host defence responses, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, callose deposition, and high expression of defence-related genes. Furthermore, Vm-milR1 was confirmed to be able to suppress the expression of MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2 in a sequence-specific manner. Moreover, overexpression of either MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2 enhanced apple resistance to V. mali by activating the host defence responses. Furthermore, knockdown of MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2 compromised the host resistance to V. mali. Our study revealed that V. mali was equipped with Vm-milR1 as an sRNA effector to silence host receptor-like kinase genes, suppress the host defence responses, and facilitate pathogen infection.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Valsa mali milRNA Vm-milR1 suppresses apple host immunity by silencing MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2.
- Taxon
- apple tree
Malus domesticae0 - Interactor
- Valsa maliCytospora malie0pathogen
- Gene
- MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2e0
- Outcome
- host immunitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we found that the apple tree Valsa canker pathogen Valsa mali milRNA Vm-milR1 could suppress the host immunity by silencing two host receptor-like kinase genes, MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2”
Claim · model-written summary
Vm-milR1 was highly induced during Valsa mali infection.
- Taxon
- apple treeMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- V. maliCytospora malie1pathogen
- Gene
- Vm-milR1e1
- Outcome
- Vm-milR1e1
- Direction
- highly inducede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we found that the apple tree Valsa canker pathogen Valsa mali milRNA Vm-milR1 could suppress the host immunity by silencing two host receptor-like kinase genes, MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2”
e1“Vm-milR1 was highly induced during V. mali infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Deleting the Vm-milR1 precursor reduced the virulence of Valsa mali on apple.
- Taxon
- apple treeMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Deletion of Vm-milR1 precursore2
- Interactor
- V. maliCytospora malie2pathogen
- Outcome
- virulencee2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we found that the apple tree Valsa canker pathogen Valsa mali milRNA Vm-milR1 could suppress the host immunity by silencing two host receptor-like kinase genes, MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2”
e2“Deletion of Vm-milR1 precursor abolished the generation of Vm-milR1 and reduced the virulence of V. mali”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with Vm-milR1 deletion mutants induced apple host defence responses.
- Taxon
- apple treeMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Inoculation of Vm-milR1 deletion mutantse3
- Outcome
- the host defence responsese3
- Direction
- inducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we found that the apple tree Valsa canker pathogen Valsa mali milRNA Vm-milR1 could suppress the host immunity by silencing two host receptor-like kinase genes, MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2”
e3“Inoculation of Vm-milR1 deletion mutants induced the host defence responses, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, callose deposition, and high expression of defence-related genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2 enhanced apple resistance to Valsa mali.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae4
- Treatment
- overexpression of either MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2e4
- Interactor
- V. maliCytospora malie4pathogen
- Gene
- MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2e4
- Outcome
- apple resistance to V. malie4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“overexpression of either MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2 enhanced apple resistance to V. mali by activating the host defence responses”
Claim · model-written summary
Knockdown of MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2 compromised apple resistance to Valsa mali.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae4
- Treatment
- knockdown of MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2e5
- Interactor
- V. maliCytospora malie5pathogen
- Gene
- MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2e5
- Outcome
- host resistance to V. malie5
- Direction
- compromisede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“overexpression of either MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2 enhanced apple resistance to V. mali by activating the host defence responses”
e5“knockdown of MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2 compromised the host resistance to V. mali”
Claim · model-written summary
Vm-milR1 suppresses the expression of MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2 in a sequence-specific manner.
- Taxon
- apple treeMalus domesticae0
- Gene
- MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2e6
- Outcome
- the expression of MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2e6
- Direction
- suppresse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we found that the apple tree Valsa canker pathogen Valsa mali milRNA Vm-milR1 could suppress the host immunity by silencing two host receptor-like kinase genes, MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2”
e6“Vm-milR1 was confirmed to be able to suppress the expression of MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2 in a sequence-specific manner”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · Cytospora mali · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.