Abstract
Polyploidization is an important source of variability for plant breeding. Polyploids are often characterised by increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Since drought and pathogen attack are the main threats to apple cultivation, obtaining new sources of resistance is an important issue for apple breeding. The newly obtained autotetraploid clones of apple cv. ‘Redchief’ showed superior resistance to fire blight. The aim of the presented research was the in-depth phenotypic characterisation of ‘Redchief’ tetraploids and assessment of their response to drought at the physiological and genetic level. The growth of own-rooted five-year-old trees of ‘Redchief’ tetraploids was poor compared with diploids; all growth parameters—the number and length of current season shoots, the total length of current season shoots per tree and the cross-section area of the trunk—were reduced in tetraploid clones. Grafting on M9 rootstock improved the growth characteristics of ‘Redchief’ tetraploids. Compared with diploid plants, the leaves of tetraploids were thicker, with altered shape, higher chlorophyll content, and larger stomata, but the stomatal density decreased. The leaf anatomical structure of tetraploids was changed, the adaxial and abaxial epidermis and both types of mesophyll were significantly thicker than in diploids. Moreover, the pollen grains of tetraploids were larger, but their viability and germination were reduced. Under conditions of limited water supply, the reduction in growth parameters was smaller and the physiological parameters were higher in the ‘Redchief’ tetraploid clone 4x-25 than in diploid plants. The expression of APX gene was higher in tetraploids than in diploids 15 days after drought stress induction. The results suggest the enhanced drought tolerance of the studied ‘Redchief’ autotetraploid clone compared with its diploid counterpart.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Redchief autotetraploid clones showed superior fire blight resistance.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Material
- ‘Redchief’e0
- Outcome
- resistance to fire blighte0
- Direction
- superiore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The newly obtained autotetraploid clones of apple cv. ‘Redchief’ showed superior resistance to fire blight”
Claim · model-written summary
Own-rooted Redchief tetraploid trees had reduced shoot number and length, total shoot length, and trunk cross-section compared with diploids.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Redchief’e0
- Outcome
- the number and length of current season shoots, the total length of current season shoots per tree and the cross-section area of the trunke0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- diploidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth of own-rooted five-year-old trees of ‘Redchief’ tetraploids was poor compared with diploids; all growth parameters—the number and length of current season shoots, the total length of current season shoots per tree and the cross-section area of the trunk—were reduced in tetraploid clones”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting on M9 rootstock improved Redchief tetraploid growth.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Redchief’e0
- Treatment
- Grafting on M9 rootstocke0
- Outcome
- growth characteristicse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grafting on M9 rootstock improved the growth characteristics of ‘Redchief’ tetraploids”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetraploid leaves were thicker and differently shaped than diploid leaves.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- leaves of tetraploidse0
- Direction
- thickere0
- Qualifier
- altered shapee0
- Comparator
- diploid plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with diploid plants, the leaves of tetraploids were thicker, with altered shape”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetraploid leaves had higher chlorophyll content than diploids.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- diploid plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with diploid plants, the leaves of tetraploids were thicker, with altered shape, higher chlorophyll content”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetraploids had larger stomata and lower stomatal density than diploids.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- stomatae0
- Direction
- largere0
- Qualifier
- stomatal density decreasede0
- Comparator
- diploid plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larger stomata, but the stomatal density decreased”
e1“Compared with diploid plants”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetraploid leaf epidermis and both mesophyll types were significantly thicker than in diploids.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- adaxial and abaxial epidermis and both types of mesophylle0
- Outcome
- adaxial and abaxial epidermis and both types of mesophylle0
- Direction
- thickere0
- Comparator
- diploidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the adaxial and abaxial epidermis and both types of mesophyll were significantly thicker than in diploids”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetraploid pollen grains were larger than diploid pollen.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- pollen grainse0
- Outcome
- pollen grains of tetraploidse0
- Direction
- largere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pollen grains of tetraploids were larger”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetraploid pollen viability and germination were reduced.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- pollen grainse1
- Outcome
- viability and germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their viability and germination were reduced”
e1“the pollen grains of tetraploids”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Under limited water, growth reduction was smaller in tetraploid 4x-25 than in diploids.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Redchief’ tetraploid clone 4x-25e0
- Treatment
- limited water supplye0
- Outcome
- reduction in growth parameterse0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Comparator
- diploid plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under conditions of limited water supply, the reduction in growth parameters was smaller and the physiological parameters were higher in the ‘Redchief’ tetraploid clone 4x-25 than in diploid plants”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Under limited water, physiological parameters were higher in tetraploid 4x-25 than in diploids.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Redchief’ tetraploid clone 4x-25e0
- Treatment
- limited water supplye0
- Outcome
- physiological parameterse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- diploid plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under conditions of limited water supply, the reduction in growth parameters was smaller and the physiological parameters were higher in the ‘Redchief’ tetraploid clone 4x-25 than in diploid plants”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
APX expression was higher in tetraploids 15 days after drought induction.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- APXe0
- Outcome
- expression of APX genee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 15 dayse0
- Comparator
- diploidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of APX gene was higher in tetraploids than in diploids 15 days after drought stress induction”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer enhanced drought tolerance in Redchief autotetraploid clone versus diploid counterpart.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Redchief’e0
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- diploid counterparte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced drought tolerance of the studied ‘Redchief’ autotetraploid clone compared with its diploid counterpart”
t0“Apple”
The same questions in other papers
grafting · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
37 papers more in this group
See all 41 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.