Abstract
There is a lack of affordable and effective strategies to mitigate multiple heavy metal contamination in lowland rice production. We tested phosphorus (P) or silicon (Si) addition to a soil contaminated with both arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) for their mitigation potential in rice seedlings. Rice variety IR64 was grown in pots with either P (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 (recommended rate), 40 and 80 mg P kg−1 soil), or Si (0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 g Si kg−1 soil) addition until the end of tillering phase (nine weeks). Over this period, growth of rice was enhanced by up to 35% with the addition of P until the recommended rate, whereas growth was reduced beyond 0.3 g Si kg−1 application. Photosynthetic rate and maximum PSII quantum yield of the youngest fully expanded leaves were similar among P and Si treatments. Phosphorus addition increased shoot [As] and decreased shoot [Cd] by up to 59% and 63%, respectively, and both effects were visible only after plants reached P sufficiency. Silicon addition from 0 to 2.4 mg Si kg−1 soil increased shoot [As] by up to 28% and decreased [Cd] by up to 25%. Accumulation of As and Cd in the leaves from top to bottom of the canopy increased by factors of 10 and 7.6, respectively. Therefore, P or Si application cannot generally be recommended as remedy for rice production on multiple heavy metal contaminated soil. However, rice plants have efficient mechanisms to translocate As and Cd to mature leaves.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus up to the recommended rate enhanced rice growth by up to 35%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- addition of Pe0
- Outcome
- growth of ricee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Qualifier
- until the recommended ratee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth of rice was enhanced by up to 35% with the addition of P until the recommended rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon above 0.3 g Si kg−1 reduced rice growth.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“growth was reduced beyond 0.3 g Si kg−1 application”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate was similar across P and Si treatments.
- Organ / stage
- youngest fully expanded leavese0
- Treatment
- P and Si treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- P and Si treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic rate and maximum PSII quantum yield of the youngest fully expanded leaves were similar among P and Si treatments”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum PSII quantum yield was similar across P and Si treatments.
- Organ / stage
- youngest fully expanded leavese0
- Treatment
- P and Si treatmentse0
- Outcome
- maximum PSII quantum yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- P and Si treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic rate and maximum PSII quantum yield of the youngest fully expanded leaves were similar among P and Si treatments”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus increased shoot As concentration by up to 59% after P sufficiency.
- Treatment
- Phosphorus additione0
- Outcome
- shoot [As]e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 59%e0
- Qualifier
- only after plants reached P sufficiencye0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus addition increased shoot [As] and decreased shoot [Cd] by up to 59% and 63%, respectively, and both effects were visible only after plants reached P sufficiency”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus decreased shoot Cd concentration by up to 63% after P sufficiency.
- Treatment
- Phosphorus additione0
- Outcome
- shoot [Cd]e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 63%e0
- Qualifier
- only after plants reached P sufficiencye0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus addition increased shoot [As] and decreased shoot [Cd] by up to 59% and 63%, respectively, and both effects were visible only after plants reached P sufficiency”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased shoot As concentration by up to 28%.
- Treatment
- Silicon addition from 0 to 2.4 mg Si kg−1 soile0
- Outcome
- shoot [As]e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Silicon addition from 0 to 2.4 mg Si kg−1 soil increased shoot [As] by up to 28% and decreased [Cd] by up to 25%”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon decreased shoot Cd concentration by up to 25%.
- Treatment
- Silicon addition from 0 to 2.4 mg Si kg−1 soile0
- Outcome
- [Cd]e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 25%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Silicon addition from 0 to 2.4 mg Si kg−1 soil increased shoot [As] by up to 28% and decreased [Cd] by up to 25%”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
As accumulation rose tenfold from top to bottom leaves.
- Organ / stage
- leaves from top to bottom of the canopye0
- Outcome
- Accumulation of Ase0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Accumulation of As and Cd in the leaves from top to bottom of the canopy increased by factors of 10 and 7.6, respectively”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd accumulation rose 7.6-fold from top to bottom leaves.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Accumulation of As and Cd in the leaves from top to bottom of the canopy increased by factors of 10 and 7.6, respectively”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors do not generally recommend P or Si for rice on soil contaminated by multiple heavy metals.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- P or Si application cannot generally be recommendede0
- Qualifier
- multiple heavy metal contaminated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P or Si application cannot generally be recommended as remedy for rice production on multiple heavy metal contaminated soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice plants were interpreted as efficiently translocating As and Cd to mature leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- mature leavese0
- Outcome
- translocate As and Cd to mature leavese0
- Qualifier
- efficient mechanismse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice plants have efficient mechanisms to translocate As and Cd to mature leaves”
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See all 168 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.