Abstract
为明确新型耕作技术--立式深旋耕作对西北黄土高原半干旱区土壤水分含量、玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响，采用随机区组设计，于2016和2017年设置立式深旋耕作40 cm （VRT）、深松40 cm （SS）、旋耕15 cm （TT）和免耕（ZT）4种耕作方式，测定0-300 cm土层土壤含水量、地上生物量、叶面积指数（LAI）和SPAD、产量等指标，计算阶段耗水量、水分利用效率（WUE）等。结果表明，VRT在2017年播前0-40 cm土层的土壤贮水量分别较SS、TT、ZT增加了7.7、8.6、6.6 mm，在0-100 cm土层增加了18.2、22.8、20.2 mm，均达到显著差异。VRT显著促进干旱年的花前耗水和平水年的花后耗水，提高玉米地上生物量、LAI和SPAD，其中地上生物量较SS、TT、ZT分别增加了14.7%-18.3%、12.7%-18.8%和22.8%-29.1%。基于较为优势的植株生长，VRT籽粒产量较SS、TT和ZT分别增加了12.0%-13.0%、13.7%-33.6%、24.0%-47.4%。因此，虽然VRT提高了玉米耗水，并与ZT达到显著差异水平，导致收获后土壤贮水量低于其他三种耕作方式，但2017年播前0-100 cm土层土壤贮水量显著高于其他3种耕作处理；尽管0-300 cm土层土壤贮水量较SS、TT和ZT下降了11.4、14.8、20.5 mm，但它们之间无显著差异。以上结果表明，VRT能够同时促进玉米耗水和降水入渗，维持土壤水分平衡，是一种有效的抗旱增墒耕作方法，可在半干旱区玉米生产中推广应用。;For understanding the effects of new tillage method (i.e. vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage, VRT) on soil water storage, grain yield, and water use efficiency of maize on semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau, which average annual precipitation and air temperature are 415 mm and 6.2℃, respectively. The randomized block designed field experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017. Four treatments were involved:(1) vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage for 40 cm depth (VRT), (2) sub-soiling for 40 cm depths (SS), (3) traditional rotary tillage for 15 cm depths (TT), and (4) zero tillage (ZT). The soil water storage (SWS) in 0-300 cm profile in different growth stages of maize, the foliar SPAD (Soil and Plant Analyzer Development) value, leaf area index (LAI) and plant dry matter in seedling, jointing, tasseling, flowering and filling stages, and the grain yields were recorded, and periodic water consumption, water use efficiency (WUE) were calculated. The results showed that the VRT significantly increased SWS in 0-40 cm soil profile by 7.7, 8.6 and 6.6 mm at sowing stage, the corresponding values in 0-100 cm soil profile were 18.2, 22.8 mm and 20.2 mm, as compared with SS, TT and ZT, respectively. The VRT improved water consumption in pre-flowering period in drought year (2016), in post-flowering period at normal year (2017) significantly, resulted in higher aboveground biomass, leaf area index and SPAD value. For example, the aboveground biomass of VRT were significantly increased by 14.7%-18.3%,12.7%-18.8% and 22.8%-29.1% compared with SS, TT and ZT, respectively. Based on the well-developed plant individual and population, the VRT increased maize grain yield by 12.0%-13.0%, 13.7%-33.6%, 24.0%-47.4% in 2016 and 2017, as compared with SS, TT and ZT, respectively. The VRT promoted water consumption of maize, the significant difference was observed while compared to ZT, resulted in the lower SWS at harvesting stage. However, more precipitation was stored in soil in VRT, the soil water storage in 0-100 cm profile of VRT were significantly higher than SS, TT and ZT. Though the soil water storage in 0-300 cm profile of VRT were decreased by 11.4, 14.8 and 20.5 mm, as compared with SS, TT and ZT, there were no significant difference among the four tillage methods. These suggested that the VRT improved both the water consumption of maize and rainwater infiltration, sustained the well soil water balance. Consequently, the VRT was helpful to increase maize drought resistance and productivity without the risk of soil water balance, which could be demonstrated in maize productivity on semi-arid rain-fed area.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage increased soil water storage in 0-40 cm at sowing by 7.7, 8.6 and 6.6 mm relative to SS, TT and ZT.
- Treatment
- vertically rotary sub-soiling tillagee1
- Outcome
- SWS in 0-40 cm soil profilee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 7.7, 8.6 and 6.6 mme2
- Qualifier
- at sowing stagee2
- Comparator
- SS, TT and ZTe2
- Setting
- semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateaue4
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage for 40 cm depth (VRT)”
e2“the VRT significantly increased SWS in 0-40 cm soil profile by 7.7, 8.6 and 6.6 mm at sowing stage, the corresponding values in 0-100 cm soil profile were 18.2, 22.8 mm and 20.2 mm, as compared with SS, TT and ZT, respectively”
e4“water use efficiency of maize on semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau”
Claim · model-written summary
Vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage increased soil water storage in 0-100 cm by 18.2, 22.8 and 20.2 mm relative to SS, TT and ZT.
- Treatment
- vertically rotary sub-soiling tillagee1
- Outcome
- soil water storage in 0-100 cm profilee5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 18.2, 22.8 mm and 20.2 mme2
- Comparator
- SS, TT and ZTe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage for 40 cm depth (VRT)”
e2“the VRT significantly increased SWS in 0-40 cm soil profile by 7.7, 8.6 and 6.6 mm at sowing stage, the corresponding values in 0-100 cm soil profile were 18.2, 22.8 mm and 20.2 mm, as compared with SS, TT and ZT, respectively”
e4“water use efficiency of maize on semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau”
e5“the soil water storage in 0-100 cm profile of VRT were significantly higher than SS, TT and ZT”
Claim · model-written summary
Vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage increased aboveground biomass by 14.7%-18.3% relative to SS.
- Treatment
- vertically rotary sub-soiling tillagee1
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 14.7%-18.3%e6
- Comparator
- SSe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage for 40 cm depth (VRT)”
e4“water use efficiency of maize on semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau”
e6“the aboveground biomass of VRT were significantly increased by 14.7%-18.3%,12.7%-18.8% and 22.8%-29.1% compared with SS, TT and ZT, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage increased aboveground biomass by 12.7%-18.8% relative to TT.
- Treatment
- vertically rotary sub-soiling tillagee1
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 12.7%-18.8%e6
- Comparator
- TTe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage for 40 cm depth (VRT)”
e4“water use efficiency of maize on semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau”
e6“the aboveground biomass of VRT were significantly increased by 14.7%-18.3%,12.7%-18.8% and 22.8%-29.1% compared with SS, TT and ZT, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage increased aboveground biomass by 22.8%-29.1% relative to ZT.
- Treatment
- vertically rotary sub-soiling tillagee1
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 22.8%-29.1%e6
- Comparator
- ZTe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage for 40 cm depth (VRT)”
e4“water use efficiency of maize on semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau”
e6“the aboveground biomass of VRT were significantly increased by 14.7%-18.3%,12.7%-18.8% and 22.8%-29.1% compared with SS, TT and ZT, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage increased maize grain yield by 12.0%-13.0% relative to SS in 2016 and 2017.
- Treatment
- vertically rotary sub-soiling tillagee1
- Outcome
- maize grain yielde7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 12.0%-13.0%e7
- Qualifier
- in 2016 and 2017e7
- Comparator
- SSe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage for 40 cm depth (VRT)”
e4“water use efficiency of maize on semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau”
e7“the VRT increased maize grain yield by 12.0%-13.0%, 13.7%-33.6%, 24.0%-47.4% in 2016 and 2017, as compared with SS, TT and ZT, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage increased maize grain yield by 13.7%-33.6% relative to TT in 2016 and 2017.
- Treatment
- vertically rotary sub-soiling tillagee1
- Outcome
- maize grain yielde7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 13.7%-33.6%e7
- Qualifier
- in 2016 and 2017e7
- Comparator
- TTe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage for 40 cm depth (VRT)”
e4“water use efficiency of maize on semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau”
e7“the VRT increased maize grain yield by 12.0%-13.0%, 13.7%-33.6%, 24.0%-47.4% in 2016 and 2017, as compared with SS, TT and ZT, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage increased maize grain yield by 24.0%-47.4% relative to ZT in 2016 and 2017.
- Treatment
- vertically rotary sub-soiling tillagee1
- Outcome
- maize grain yielde7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 24.0%-47.4%e7
- Qualifier
- in 2016 and 2017e7
- Comparator
- ZTe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage for 40 cm depth (VRT)”
e4“water use efficiency of maize on semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau”
e7“the VRT increased maize grain yield by 12.0%-13.0%, 13.7%-33.6%, 24.0%-47.4% in 2016 and 2017, as compared with SS, TT and ZT, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage resulted in higher leaf area index and SPAD value in maize.
- Treatment
- vertically rotary sub-soiling tillagee1
- Outcome
- leaf area index and SPAD valuee5
- Direction
- highere5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage for 40 cm depth (VRT)”
e4“water use efficiency of maize on semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau”
e5“resulted in higher aboveground biomass, leaf area index and SPAD value”
Claim · model-written summary
Vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage significantly improved maize water consumption in the pre-flowering period of the drought year and the post-flowering period of the normal year.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“water use efficiency of maize on semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau”
e5“The VRT improved water consumption in pre-flowering period in drought year (2016), in post-flowering period at normal year (2017) significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage decreased soil water storage in 0-300 cm by 11.4, 14.8 and 20.5 mm relative to SS, TT and ZT, with no significant difference among methods.
- Treatment
- vertically rotary sub-soiling tillagee1
- Outcome
- soil water storage in 0-300 cm profilee6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Value
- 11.4, 14.8 and 20.5 mme6
- Comparator
- SS, TT and ZTe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage for 40 cm depth (VRT)”
e4“water use efficiency of maize on semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau”
e6“the soil water storage in 0-300 cm profile of VRT were decreased by 11.4, 14.8 and 20.5 mm, as compared with SS, TT and ZT, there were no significant difference among the four tillage methods”
Claim · model-written summary
Vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage is helpful for increasing maize drought resistance and productivity without risking soil water balance.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the VRT was helpful to increase maize drought resistance and productivity without the risk of soil water balance”
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