Abstract
Current farming systems are highly reliant on chemical fertilizers (CF), which negatively affect soil health, the environment, and crop productivity. Substituting organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer (CF) is an important agricultural practice that improves soil health and crop productivity and is eco-friendly. To explore the effects of organic fertilizer in the form of cattle manure (CM) or poultry manure (PM) combined with CF on soil properties, leaf physiological traits, and grain physiochemical characteristics of rice, a 2-year field experiment was conducted in a dual cropping system with six treatments: Neg-CF (no N fertilizer control), Pos-CF (100% CF), High-CM (60% CM + 40% CF), Low-CM (30% CM + 70% CF), High-PM (60% PM + 40% CF), and Low-PM (30% PM + 70% CF). The results exhibited that the adding of organic manure significantly improved soil chemical traits such as soil organic C (SOC), total N (TN), and available N (AN). Similarly, applying the combined fertilizer led to significant increases in the leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), SPAD values, and rice grain nutritional and cooking characteristics according to Rapid Visco-Analyzer (RVA) profile. Average increases in SOC, TN, Pn, starch content (SC), and amylose content (AC) were 16%, 12%, 9%, 7%, 9%, and 12%, respectively, across the year in the Low-PM compared to the Pos-CF treatment. Moreover, the manure amendments significantly altered the RVA profile attributes, including peak viscosity, tough viscosity, final viscosity, and the setback and pasting temperatures compared to Pos-CF. Linear regression analysis revealed that SOC and TN were positively associated with leaf Pn and SPAD values. Further, leaf Pn and SPAD were positively correlated with rice grain SC and AC. The correlation heat map analyses revealed a positive correlation in the RVA profile between the soil properties and leaf physiological traits. These correlation analyses showed that the increase in soil chemical traits and leaf physiological activities played a significant role in higher rice grain nutritional and cooking quality. Overall, the findings of this study show that the integrated use of organic fertilizers and CF in rice fields enhances soil functionality and the quality of rice on a sustainable basis.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure significantly improved soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and available nitrogen.
- Treatment
- organic manuree0
- Outcome
- soil organic C (SOC), total N (TN), and available N (AN)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The results exhibited that the adding of organic manure significantly improved soil chemical traits such as soil organic C (SOC), total N (TN), and available N (AN).”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizer significantly increased rice leaf net photosynthetic rate and SPAD values.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- combined fertilizere0
- Outcome
- leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), SPAD valuese0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, applying the combined fertilizer led to significant increases in the leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), SPAD values, and rice grain nutritional and cooking characteristics according to Rapid Visco-Analyzer (RVA) profile.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilizer significantly increased rice grain nutritional and cooking characteristics assessed by RVA.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combined fertilizere0
- Outcome
- rice grain nutritional and cooking characteristicse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, applying the combined fertilizer led to significant increases in the leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), SPAD values, and rice grain nutritional and cooking characteristics according to Rapid Visco-Analyzer (RVA) profile.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-PM increased SOC by an average 16% relative to Pos-CF across the year.
- Treatment
- Low-PMe0
- Outcome
- SOCe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Qualifier
- across the yeare0
- Comparator
- Pos-CFe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Average increases in SOC, TN, Pn, starch content (SC), and amylose content (AC) were 16%, 12%, 9%, 7%, 9%, and 12%, respectively, across the year in the Low-PM compared to the Pos-CF treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-PM increased TN by an average 12% relative to Pos-CF across the year.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Average increases in SOC, TN, Pn, starch content (SC), and amylose content (AC) were 16%, 12%, 9%, 7%, 9%, and 12%, respectively, across the year in the Low-PM compared to the Pos-CF treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-PM increased rice leaf Pn by an average 9% relative to Pos-CF.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average increases in SOC, TN, Pn, starch content (SC), and amylose content (AC) were 16%, 12%, 9%, 7%, 9%, and 12%, respectively, across the year in the Low-PM compared to the Pos-CF treatment.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-PM increased rice starch content relative to Pos-CF; the five-outcome list supplies six percentages, making the later value assignments ambiguous.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Low-PMe0
- Outcome
- starch content (SC)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- 16%, 12%, 9%, 7%, 9%, and 12%e0
- Comparator
- Pos-CFe0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average increases in SOC, TN, Pn, starch content (SC), and amylose content (AC) were 16%, 12%, 9%, 7%, 9%, and 12%, respectively, across the year in the Low-PM compared to the Pos-CF treatment.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-PM increased rice amylose content relative to Pos-CF; its percentage is ambiguous because six percentages are supplied for five outcomes.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Low-PMe0
- Outcome
- amylose content (AC)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- 16%, 12%, 9%, 7%, 9%, and 12%e0
- Comparator
- Pos-CFe0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average increases in SOC, TN, Pn, starch content (SC), and amylose content (AC) were 16%, 12%, 9%, 7%, 9%, and 12%, respectively, across the year in the Low-PM compared to the Pos-CF treatment.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure significantly altered rice peak, tough and final viscosities compared with Pos-CF.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- manure amendmentse0
- Outcome
- peak viscosity, tough viscosity, final viscositye0
- Comparator
- Pos-CFe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, the manure amendments significantly altered the RVA profile attributes, including peak viscosity, tough viscosity, final viscosity, and the setback and pasting temperatures compared to Pos-CF.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure significantly altered rice setback and pasting temperatures compared with Pos-CF.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- manure amendmentse0
- Outcome
- setback and pasting temperaturese0
- Comparator
- Pos-CFe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, the manure amendments significantly altered the RVA profile attributes, including peak viscosity, tough viscosity, final viscosity, and the setback and pasting temperatures compared to Pos-CF.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SOC was positively associated with rice leaf Pn and SPAD values.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SOCe0
- Outcome
- leaf Pn and SPAD valuese0
- Direction
- positively associatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Linear regression analysis revealed that SOC and TN were positively associated with leaf Pn and SPAD values.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
TN was positively associated with rice leaf Pn and SPAD values.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- TNe0
- Outcome
- leaf Pn and SPAD valuese0
- Direction
- positively associatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Linear regression analysis revealed that SOC and TN were positively associated with leaf Pn and SPAD values.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice leaf Pn was positively correlated with grain SC and AC.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- rice grain SC and ACe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- leaf Pne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further, leaf Pn and SPAD were positively correlated with rice grain SC and AC.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice leaf SPAD was positively correlated with grain SC and AC.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- rice grain SC and ACe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- SPADe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Further, leaf Pn and SPAD were positively correlated with rice grain SC and AC.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat-map analyses showed positive correlations in the rice RVA profile between soil properties and leaf physiological traits.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- RVA profilee0
- Direction
- positive correlatione0
- Qualifier
- between the soil properties and leaf physiological traitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The correlation heat map analyses revealed a positive correlation in the RVA profile between the soil properties and leaf physiological traits.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret increased soil chemical traits and leaf physiological activity as contributing significantly to higher rice nutritional and cooking quality.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- rice grain nutritional and cooking qualitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- increase in soil chemical traits and leaf physiological activitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These correlation analyses showed that the increase in soil chemical traits and leaf physiological activities played a significant role in higher rice grain nutritional and cooking quality.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that integrating organic and chemical fertilizers sustainably enhances soil functionality and rice quality.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- integrated use of organic fertilizers and CFe0
- Qualifier
- on a sustainable basise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, the findings of this study show that the integrated use of organic fertilizers and CF in rice fields enhances soil functionality and the quality of rice on a sustainable basis.”
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