Abstract
An experiment conducted from 1988 to 1997 to determine the effects of the timing of application and nutrient supply (particularly of phosphorus) is reported. The sources of applied nutrients that were compared were farmyard manure, pre-rice green-manuring with Sesbania aculeata and fertilizer application in a rice-wheat rotation on a typic ustifluvent. The application of seven tonnes farmyard manure per hectare to both the rice and the wheat crops over eight years increased organic carbon levels from 1.4 to 1.6% but had no yield effect on either crop. Phosphorus application through farmyard manure was not adequate for rice, whilst an application of 34 kg P ha −1 to the rotation gave an economic yield increase only in rice and then only in the first four years of the experiment. From the third year, green manuring was able to replace the effects of the recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer applications in increasing rice yield. Green manuring had no effect on the wheat yield but the recommended fertilizer application increased yield. Green manuring increased soil total nitrogen and available potassium levels and reduced base saturation. After adjusting rice yields for variation in transplanting date between years there was no statistical evidence of a yield trend in either crop over the period of the experiment. Farmers' practice of applying seven tonnes farmyard manure per hectare appears adequate to produce stable rice paddy yields of 4–6 t ha −1 a −1 .
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Seven tonnes per hectare of farmyard manure increased soil organic carbon from 1.4 to 1.6 percent over eight years.
- Taxon
- RICE-WHEATt0
- Treatment
- application of seven tonnes farmyard manure per hectaree1
- Outcome
- organic carbon levelse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- from 1.4 to 1.6%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“RICE-WHEAT SYSTEMS IN BHUTAN”
e1“The application of seven tonnes farmyard manure per hectare to both the rice and the wheat crops over eight years increased organic carbon levels from 1.4 to 1.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure had no effect on rice or wheat yield.
- Taxon
- RICE-WHEATt0
- Treatment
- application of seven tonnes farmyard manure per hectaree1
- Outcome
- yield effecte2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“RICE-WHEAT SYSTEMS IN BHUTAN”
e1“The application of seven tonnes farmyard manure per hectare to both the rice and the wheat crops over eight years increased organic carbon levels from 1.4 to 1.6%”
e2“had no yield effect on either crop”
Claim · model-written summary
An application of 34 kg P per ha to the rotation gave an economic yield increase in rice, only in the first four years.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae3 - Treatment
- application of 34 kg P ha −1e3
- Outcome
- economic yield increasee3
- Direction
- increasee3
- Qualifier
- only in the first four years of the experimente4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RICE-WHEAT SYSTEMS IN BHUTAN”
e3“an application of 34 kg P ha −1 to the rotation gave an economic yield increase only in rice”
e4“only in the first four years of the experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus applied through farmyard manure was not adequate for rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Phosphorus application through farmyard manuree1
- Outcome
- adequate for ricee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RICE-WHEAT SYSTEMS IN BHUTAN”
e1“Phosphorus application through farmyard manure was not adequate for rice”
Claim · model-written summary
From the third year, green manuring replaced the effect of recommended N, P and K fertilizer in increasing rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- green manuringe1
- Outcome
- rice yielde1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Qualifier
- From the third yeare1
- Comparator
- recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer applicationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RICE-WHEAT SYSTEMS IN BHUTAN”
e1“From the third year, green manuring was able to replace the effects of the recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer applications in increasing rice yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manuring had no effect on wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- Green manuringe1
- Outcome
- wheat yielde1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RICE-WHEAT SYSTEMS IN BHUTAN”
e1“Green manuring had no effect on the wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended fertilizer application increased wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- recommended fertilizer applicatione2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RICE-WHEAT SYSTEMS IN BHUTAN”
e1“Green manuring had no effect on the wheat yield”
e2“but the recommended fertilizer application increased yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manuring increased soil total nitrogen and available potassium levels.
- Taxon
- RICE-WHEATt0
- Treatment
- Green manuringe1
- Outcome
- soil total nitrogen and available potassium levelse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“RICE-WHEAT SYSTEMS IN BHUTAN”
e1“Green manuring increased soil total nitrogen and available potassium levels and reduced base saturation”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manuring reduced soil base saturation.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“RICE-WHEAT SYSTEMS IN BHUTAN”
e1“Green manuring increased soil total nitrogen and available potassium levels and reduced base saturation”
Claim · model-written summary
After adjusting for transplanting date, there was no statistical evidence of a yield trend in rice or wheat over the experiment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- yield trende1
- Qualifier
- After adjusting rice yields for variation in transplanting date between yearse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“After adjusting rice yields for variation in transplanting date between years there was no statistical evidence of a yield trend in either crop over the period of the experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmers applying seven tonnes per hectare of farmyard manure can expect stable rice paddy yields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- applying seven tonnes farmyard manure per hectaree1
- Outcome
- stable rice paddy yieldse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Farmers' practice of applying seven tonnes farmyard manure per hectare appears adequate to produce stable rice paddy yields”
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