Abstract
A major challenge in modern rice production is to achieve the dual goals of high yield and good quality with low environmental costs. This study was designed to determine whether optimized nitrogen (N) fertilization could fulfill these multiple goals. In two-year experiments, two high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes, including zero N input, local farmers’ practice (LFP) with heavy N inputs, and optimized N fertilization (ONF). In ONF, by reducing N input, increasing planting density, and optimizing the ratio of urea application at different stages, N use efficiency and the physicochemical and textural properties of milled rice were improved at higher yield levels. Compared with LFP, yield and partial factor productivity of applied N (PFP) under ONF were increased (on average) by 1.70 and 13.06%, respectively. ONF increased starch and amylose content, and significantly decreased protein content. The contents of the short chains of A chain (degree of polymerization (DP) 6–12) and B1 chain (DP 13–25) of amylopectin were significantly increased under ONF, which resulted in a decrease in the stability of rice starch crystals. ONF increased viscosity values and improved the thermodynamic properties of starch, which resulted in better eating and cooking quality of the rice. Thus, ONF could substantially compensate the negative effects caused by N fertilizer and achieve the multiple goals of higher grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) at high yield levels. These results will be useful for applications of high quality rice production at high yield levels.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
ONF increased yield by 1.70% on average compared with local farmers practice (LFP).
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Material
- high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivarse1
- Treatment
- optimized N fertilization (ONF)e1
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.70e0
- Qualifier
- on averagee0
- Comparator
- LFPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with LFP, yield and partial factor productivity of applied N (PFP) under ONF were increased (on average) by 1.70 and 13.06%, respectively”
e1“two high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes, including zero N input, local farmers’ practice (LFP) with heavy N inputs, and optimized N fertilization (ONF)”
Claim · model-written summary
ONF increased partial factor productivity of applied N by 13.06% on average compared with LFP.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Material
- high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivarse1
- Treatment
- optimized N fertilization (ONF)e1
- Outcome
- partial factor productivity of applied N (PFP)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.06%e0
- Qualifier
- on averagee0
- Comparator
- LFPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with LFP, yield and partial factor productivity of applied N (PFP) under ONF were increased (on average) by 1.70 and 13.06%, respectively”
e1“two high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes, including zero N input, local farmers’ practice (LFP) with heavy N inputs, and optimized N fertilization (ONF)”
Claim · model-written summary
ONF increased starch and amylose content of rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- ONFe2
- Outcome
- starch and amylose contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“ONF increased starch and amylose content”
e1“two high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes, including zero N input, local farmers’ practice (LFP) with heavy N inputs, and optimized N fertilization (ONF)”
Claim · model-written summary
ONF significantly decreased protein content of rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- ONFe3
- Outcome
- protein contente3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“ONF increased starch and amylose content, and significantly decreased protein content”
e1“two high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes, including zero N input, local farmers’ practice (LFP) with heavy N inputs, and optimized N fertilization (ONF)”
Claim · model-written summary
ONF significantly increased the short A chain (DP 6–12) and B1 chain (DP 13–25) contents of amylopectin in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- ONFe4
- Outcome
- short chains of A chain (degree of polymerization (DP) 6–12) and B1 chain (DP 13–25) of amylopectine4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The contents of the short chains of A chain (degree of polymerization (DP) 6–12) and B1 chain (DP 13–25) of amylopectin were significantly increased under ONF”
e1“two high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes, including zero N input, local farmers’ practice (LFP) with heavy N inputs, and optimized N fertilization (ONF)”
Claim · model-written summary
ONF decreased the stability of rice starch crystals.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- ONFe1
- Outcome
- stability of rice starch crystalse5
- Direction
- decreasee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“which resulted in a decrease in the stability of rice starch crystals”
e1“two high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes, including zero N input, local farmers’ practice (LFP) with heavy N inputs, and optimized N fertilization (ONF)”
Claim · model-written summary
ONF increased starch viscosity values in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- ONFe1
- Outcome
- viscosity valuese6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“ONF increased viscosity values and improved the thermodynamic properties of starch, which resulted in better eating and cooking quality of the rice”
e1“two high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes, including zero N input, local farmers’ practice (LFP) with heavy N inputs, and optimized N fertilization (ONF)”
Claim · model-written summary
ONF improved the thermodynamic properties of rice starch.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- ONFe1
- Outcome
- thermodynamic properties of starche6
- Direction
- improvede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“ONF increased viscosity values and improved the thermodynamic properties of starch, which resulted in better eating and cooking quality of the rice”
e1“two high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes, including zero N input, local farmers’ practice (LFP) with heavy N inputs, and optimized N fertilization (ONF)”
Claim · model-written summary
ONF resulted in better eating and cooking quality of rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- ONFe1
- Outcome
- eating and cooking qualitye6
- Direction
- bettere6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“ONF increased viscosity values and improved the thermodynamic properties of starch, which resulted in better eating and cooking quality of the rice”
e1“two high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes, including zero N input, local farmers’ practice (LFP) with heavy N inputs, and optimized N fertilization (ONF)”
Claim · model-written summary
ONF improved nitrogen use efficiency at higher yield levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- ONFe1
- Outcome
- N use efficiencye7
- Direction
- improvede7
- Qualifier
- at higher yield levelse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“N use efficiency and the physicochemical and textural properties of milled rice were improved at higher yield levels”
e1“two high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes, including zero N input, local farmers’ practice (LFP) with heavy N inputs, and optimized N fertilization (ONF)”
Claim · model-written summary
ONF improved physicochemical and textural properties of milled rice at higher yield levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- ONFe1
- Outcome
- physicochemical and textural properties of milled ricee7
- Direction
- improvede7
- Qualifier
- at higher yield levelse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“N use efficiency and the physicochemical and textural properties of milled rice were improved at higher yield levels”
e1“two high yielding ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes, including zero N input, local farmers’ practice (LFP) with heavy N inputs, and optimized N fertilization (ONF)”
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