Abstract
The velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) is a strong and competitive weed in fields that inhibits the growth of crops. Reports have suggested that allelopathy is one of the reasons for this inhibition; however, the mechanism of this allelopathy remains unclear. In this study, velvetleaf powder/extracts were shown to inhibit seed germination, growth and yield in maize, wheat and soybean through petri dish, pot and field control experiments. We observed a concentration-dependent inhibition of the seed germination rate for all three crops. The root tip structure changed significantly and the embryo even died when irrigated with a high concentration of the extract (10 mg·mL−1). After adding velvetleaf powder, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in crop seedlings was dose-dependent, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of maize, wheat and soybean showed the maximum values under treatment with 1.25, 5 and 5 mg·cm−3, respectively. The activity of peroxidase (POD) showed the highest value under the 5 mg·cm−3 treatment in maize and wheat seedlings and under 10 mg·cm−3 treatment in soybean seedlings. However, sugar, protein content and root activity in all three crops was the lowest under the 10 mg·cm−3 treatment. Therefore, velvetleaf may decrease the productivity of three crops by changing the antioxidant enzyme activities, root system activities and root tip structures.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Velvetleaf powder or extracts inhibited seed germination, growth and yield in maize, wheat and soybean.
- Taxon
- maize, wheat and soybean
Glycine max
Triticum aestivum
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- velvetleaf powder/extractse0
- Interactor
- velvetleaf
Abutilon theophrastie0weed - Outcome
- seed germination, growth and yielde0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“velvetleaf powder/extracts were shown to inhibit seed germination, growth and yield in maize, wheat and soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibition of seed germination rate increased with concentration in all three crops.
- Taxon
- maize, wheat and soybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- concentration-dependente0
- Interactor
- Abutilon theophrasti Medik.Abutilon theophrastit0weed
- Outcome
- inhibition of the seed germination ratee0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentration-dependent inhibition of the seed germination rate for all three crops”
t0“Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Powder/Extract on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Root System Activity of Maize, Wheat and Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
High concentration extract significantly changed root tip structure and killed embryos.
- Taxon
- Maize, Wheat and SoybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- a high concentration of the extract (10 mg·mL−1)e0
- Interactor
- Abutilon theophrasti Medik.Abutilon theophrastit0weed
- Outcome
- root tip structure changed significantly and the embryo even diede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root tip structure changed significantly and the embryo even died when irrigated with a high concentration of the extract (10 mg·mL−1)”
t0“Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Powder/Extract on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Root System Activity of Maize, Wheat and Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling malondialdehyde content depended on velvetleaf powder dose.
- Taxon
- Maize, Wheat and SoybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- velvetleaf powdere0
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastie0weed
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After adding velvetleaf powder, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in crop seedlings was dose-dependent”
t0“Maize, Wheat and Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize SOD activity peaked at 1.25 mg·cm−3.
- Treatment
- 1.25e0
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastit0weed
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 1.25e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of maize, wheat and soybean showed the maximum values under treatment with 1.25, 5 and 5 mg·cm−3, respectively”
t0“After adding velvetleaf powder”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat SOD activity peaked at 5 mg·cm−3.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 5 mg·cm−3e0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 5 mg·cm−3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of maize, wheat and soybean showed the maximum values under treatment with 1.25, 5 and 5 mg·cm−3, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean SOD activity peaked at 5 mg·cm−3.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 5 mg·cm−3e0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 5 mg·cm−3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of maize, wheat and soybean showed the maximum values under treatment with 1.25, 5 and 5 mg·cm−3, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize and wheat POD activity peaked under 5 mg·cm−3 treatment.
- Taxon
- maize and wheatTriticum aestivumZea mayse0
- Treatment
- 5 mg·cm−3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- activity of peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5 mg·cm−3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activity of peroxidase (POD) showed the highest value under the 5 mg·cm−3 treatment in maize and wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean POD activity peaked under 10 mg·cm−3 treatment.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 10 mg·cm−3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- activity of peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- highest valuee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activity of peroxidase (POD) showed the highest value under the 5 mg·cm−3 treatment in maize and wheat seedlings and under 10 mg·cm−3 treatment in soybean seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugar and protein content and root activity were lowest at 10 mg·cm−3 in all three crops.
- Taxon
- Maize, Wheat and SoybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Treatment
- 10 mg·cm−3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- sugar, protein content and root activitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 10 mg·cm−3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sugar, protein content and root activity in all three crops was the lowest under the 10 mg·cm−3 treatment”
t0“Maize, Wheat and Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest velvetleaf may reduce crop productivity through changes in antioxidant enzymes, roots and root tips.
- Taxon
- Maize, Wheat and SoybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastie0weed
- Outcome
- productivitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- changing the antioxidant enzyme activities, root system activities and root tip structurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“velvetleaf may decrease the productivity of three crops by changing the antioxidant enzyme activities, root system activities and root tip structures”
t0“Maize, Wheat and Soybean”
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See all 55 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.