Abstract
The effects of soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation on overall fruit quality and yield in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) were studied using the tomato cv. Zhonghua Lvbao. Experiments for tomato soilless cultivation were carried out under greenhouse conditions. Plant growth, fruit quality and yield, and physiologic traits were observed. RNA-seq and RT-PCR, as well as metabolomic analyses were performed to examine the expressed genes and metabolites under soilless substrate cultivation. The results showed that the plant height, stem diameter, and chlorophyll contents of tomato under substrate-based cultivation were increased by 37.3%, 19.8%, and 15.3%, respectively, compared with soil cultivation system. Leaf photosynthetic and transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, and root vitality of tomato, under substrate-based cultivation, increased by 29.0%, 21.2%, 43.9%, and 84.5%, respectively, compared with soil cultivation. The yield reached 7177.5 kg/667 m2, and the relative yield increased by 10.1%, compared with soil cultivation. The contents of total soluble sugar, soluble solids, and vitamin C increased by 35.7%, 19.7%, and 18.2%, respectively, higher than those of soil cultivation in tomato fruits, while nitrate content and titratable acid decreased by 29.4% and 11.8%, respectively. Therefore, substrate-based-cultivation can increase production and improve tomato fruit quality and taste. We examined the expressed genes and metabolites to explore the molecular mechanism of plant growth and overall fruit quality improvement in substrate-based cultivation. A total of 476 differentially expressed genes were identified by transcriptomes profiling, of which 321 and 155 were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively. The results of metabolomics analysis showed that 441 metabolites were detected, where 24 and 36 metabolites were up- and down-regulated, respectively. By combining analyses of transcriptomic and metabolic groups, genes and metabolites related to the fruit quality were mainly concentrated in the vitamin B6/ascorbic acid/aldonic acidmetabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways. Therefore, substrate-based cultivation can elevate vitamin and soluble sugar contents and the expression of fruit flavor related genes, which lays an initial background for exploring the mechanism of substrate-based cultivation, in order to improve the quality of tomato in the future.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height of tomato increased by 37.3% under substrate-based cultivation compared with soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- plant heighte2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 37.3%e4
- Comparator
- soil cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“the plant height”
e3“tomato under substrate-based cultivation were increased by”
e4“37.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem diameter of tomato increased by 19.8% under substrate-based cultivation compared with soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- stem diametere2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 19.8%e4
- Comparator
- soil cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“stem diameter”
e3“tomato under substrate-based cultivation were increased by”
e4“19.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll contents of tomato increased by 15.3% under substrate-based cultivation compared with soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contentse2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 15.3%e4
- Comparator
- soil cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“chlorophyll contents”
e3“tomato under substrate-based cultivation were increased by”
e4“15.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf photosynthetic rate of tomato increased by 29.0% under substrate-based cultivation compared with soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- Leaf photosynthetice2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 29.0%e4
- Comparator
- soil cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“Leaf photosynthetic and transpiration rates”
e3“tomato, under substrate-based cultivation, increased by”
e4“29.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf transpiration rate of tomato increased by 21.2% under substrate-based cultivation compared with soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- transpiration ratese2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 21.2%e4
- Comparator
- soil cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“transpiration rates”
e3“tomato, under substrate-based cultivation, increased by”
e4“21.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal conductance of tomato increased by 43.9% under substrate-based cultivation compared with soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 43.9%e4
- Comparator
- soil cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“stomatal conductance”
e3“tomato, under substrate-based cultivation, increased by”
e4“43.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Root vitality of tomato increased by 84.5% under substrate-based cultivation compared with soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- root vitalitye2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 84.5%e4
- Comparator
- soil cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“root vitality”
e3“tomato, under substrate-based cultivation, increased by”
e4“84.5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato yield under substrate-based cultivation reached 7177.5 kg per 667 m2.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Value
- 7177.5 kg/667 m2e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“The yield reached 7177.5 kg/667 m2”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative tomato yield increased by 10.1% under substrate-based cultivation compared with soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- relative yielde2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 10.1%e4
- Comparator
- soil cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“the relative yield increased by 10.1%”
e3“the relative yield increased by 10.1%”
e4“the relative yield increased by 10.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble sugar content in tomato fruits increased by 35.7% under substrate-based cultivation compared with soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- total soluble sugare2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 35.7%e4
- Comparator
- soil cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil cultivation in tomato fruits”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“total soluble sugar”
e3“vitamin C increased by”
e4“35.7%”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble solids content in tomato fruits increased by 19.7% under substrate-based cultivation compared with soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- soluble solidse2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 19.7%e4
- Comparator
- soil cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil cultivation in tomato fruits”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“soluble solids”
e3“vitamin C increased by”
e4“19.7%”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitamin C content in tomato fruits increased by 18.2% under substrate-based cultivation compared with soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- vitamin Ce2
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 18.2%e4
- Comparator
- soil cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil cultivation in tomato fruits”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“vitamin C”
e3“vitamin C increased by”
e4“18.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate content of tomato fruits decreased by 29.4% under substrate-based cultivation compared with soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- nitrate contente2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 29.4%e2
- Comparator
- soil cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil cultivation in tomato fruits”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“nitrate content and titratable acid decreased by 29.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Titratable acid of tomato fruits decreased by 11.8% under substrate-based cultivation compared with soil cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Treatment
- soilless substrate-basede1
- Outcome
- titratable acide2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 11.8%e2
- Comparator
- soil cultivatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil cultivation in tomato fruits”
e1“soilless substrate-based versus soil cultivation”
e2“titratable acid decreased by 29.4% and 11.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome profiling identified 321 significantly up-regulated differentially expressed genes in tomato under substrate-based cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese1
- Value
- 321e2
- Qualifier
- significantly up-e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“differentially expressed genes were identified by transcriptomes profiling”
e2“321 and 155 were significantly up- and down-regulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome profiling identified 155 significantly down-regulated differentially expressed genes in tomato under substrate-based cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese1
- Value
- 155e2
- Qualifier
- down-regulatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“differentially expressed genes were identified by transcriptomes profiling”
e2“321 and 155 were significantly up- and down-regulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomic analysis detected 441 metabolites in tomato under substrate-based cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- metabolitese1
- Value
- 441e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“441 metabolites were detected”
Claim · model-written summary
24 metabolites were up-regulated in tomato under substrate-based cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- metabolitese1
- Value
- 24e1
- Qualifier
- up-e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“where 24 and 36 metabolites were up- and down-regulated”
Claim · model-written summary
36 metabolites were down-regulated in tomato under substrate-based cultivation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- metabolitese1
- Value
- 36e1
- Qualifier
- down-regulatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“where 24 and 36 metabolites were up- and down-regulated”
Claim · model-written summary
Genes and metabolites related to tomato fruit quality were mainly concentrated in vitamin B6/ascorbic acid/aldonic acid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- genes and metabolites related to the fruit qualitye1
- Qualifier
- vitamin B6/ascorbic acid/aldonic acidmetabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolic pathwayse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)”
e1“genes and metabolites related to the fruit quality were mainly concentrated in the vitamin B6/ascorbic acid/aldonic acidmetabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways”
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See all 141 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.