Abstract
Crops assimilate nitrogen (N) as ammonium via the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) pathway which is of central importance for N uptake and potentially represents a bottle neck for N fertiliser-use efficiency. The aim of this study was to assess whether genetic diversity for N-assimilation capacity exists in wheat and could be exploited for breeding. Wheat plants rapidly, within 6 h, responded to N application with an increase in GS activity. This was not accompanied by an increase in GS gene transcript abundance and a comparison of GS1 and GS2 protein models revealed a high degree of sequence conservation. N responsiveness amongst ten wheat varieties was assessed by measuring GS enzyme activity, leaf tissue ammonium, and by a leaf-disc assay as a proxy for apoplastic ammonia. Based on these data, a high-GS group showing an overall positive response to N could be distinguished from an inefficient, low-GS group. Subsequent gas emission measurements confirmed plant ammonia emission in response to N application and also revealed emission of N 2 O when N was provided as nitrate, which is in agreement with our current understanding that N 2 O is a by-product of nitrate reduction. Taken together, the data suggest that there is scope for improving N assimilation capacity in wheat and that further investigations into the regulation and role of GS-GOGAT in NH 3 emission is justified. Likewise, emission of the climate gas N 2 O needs to be reduced, and future research should focus on assessing the nitrate reductase pathway in wheat and explore fertiliser management options.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
N application increased GS activity in wheat within 6 h.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- N applicatione1
- Gene
- GSe1
- Outcome
- GS activitye1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- within 6 he1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Wheat plants rapidly, within 6 h, responded to N application with an increase in GS activity”
t0“Modern Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
N application did not increase GS gene transcript abundance in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N applicatione1
- Gene
- GSe2
- Outcome
- GS gene transcript abundancee2
- Direction
- not accompanied by an increasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“This was not accompanied by an increase in GS gene transcript abundance”
e1“Wheat plants rapidly, within 6 h, responded to N application with an increase in GS activity”
t0“Modern Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GS1 and GS2 protein models of wheat showed a high degree of sequence conservation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- GS1 and GS2e3
- Outcome
- sequence conservatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“a comparison of GS1 and GS2 protein models revealed a high degree of sequence conservation”
t0“Modern Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A high-GS group of ten wheat varieties with an overall positive N response could be distinguished from a low-GS group.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Material
- high-GS groupe4
- Outcome
- overall positive response to Ne4
- Comparator
- low-GS groupe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Based on these data, a high-GS group showing an overall positive response to N could be distinguished from an inefficient, low-GS group”
e5“N responsiveness amongst ten wheat varieties was assessed by measuring GS enzyme activity, leaf tissue ammonium, and by a leaf-disc assay as a proxy for apoplastic ammonia”
t0“Modern Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat emitted plant ammonia in response to N application.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N applicatione6
- Outcome
- plant ammonia emissione6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Subsequent gas emission measurements confirmed plant ammonia emission in response to N application”
t0“Modern Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat emitted N2O when N was provided as nitrate.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N was provided as nitratee7
- Outcome
- emission of N 2 Oe7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“also revealed emission of N 2 O when N was provided as nitrate”
t0“Modern Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The data suggest scope for improving N assimilation capacity in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- improving N assimilation capacitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the data suggest that there is scope for improving N assimilation capacity in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Future research should assess the nitrate reductase pathway in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- assessing the nitrate reductase pathway in wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“future research should focus on assessing the nitrate reductase pathway in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Emission of N2O from wheat needs to be reduced.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- emission of the climate gas N 2 Oe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Likewise, emission of the climate gas N 2 O needs to be reduced”
t0“Modern Wheat”
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