Abstract
IntroductionTillage intensity and tillage system can affect biological, physical, and chemical properties of the soil. Suitable soil management is essential to achieve sustainable agricultural production especially in drought-prone regions. More application of machineries in a tillage system will result in more soil compaction which in turn increases soil bulk density and decreases its air and water permeability. Additionally, it has been well documented that the compact soil hampers the downward growth of the crop roots. The soil with good physical quality will provide aeration and water as well as non-impeditive mechanical resistance for root proliferation. Moldboard plowing is currently applied in around 65% of tillage practices although the agricultural extension services have tried to convince farmers to apply reduced tillage system by replacing moldboard plow with chisel plow to mitigate adverse effects of moldboard plowing especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Conservation tillage practices, especially reduced tillage, have been introduced to Iranian farmers since 1999. Mycorrhiza is the product of an association between a fungus and plant root that enhance the tolerance levels of plants against the drought, salinity and high heavy metal contents. The aim of the present study were to evaluate the effects of tillage systems, nitrogen levels, and mycorrhiza inoculation on yield and yield components of mung bean and soil criteria.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in Darehshahr research field in two growing seasons (2017 and 2018). The experimental layout was split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments consisted of three tillage systems as conventional, conservation and no tillage as main plot, four nitrogen levels including 0% (as control), 33%, 66% and 100% of recommended fertilizer as sub plot, and two levels of mycorrhiza fungi inoculation (Contains arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi of Glomus mosseae strains, counting 107 to 108 (CFU / g.) Prepared by Soil and Water Research Institute) (no symbiosis (as control) and with symbiosis) as sub-sub-plot. Studied traits were yield components (such as 1000-seed weight, No. of seeds per pod, No. of pods per plant), seed yield and harvest index of mung bean and moisture content, cone index and organic carbon percent of soil. For analysis of variance SAS 9.4 was used. All the means were compared according to Duncan test (p≤0.05).Results and DiscussionThe results revealed that the highest 1000-seed weight (57.48 g) was obtained from no-tillage and the highest number of seeds per pod (10.64 seeds per pod) and the number of pods per plant (61.04 pods per plant) were obtained from conservation tillage. The highest seed yield was obtained from conservation tillage + application of 100% N fertilizer with 2941 kg.ha-1. The highest seed weight, number of seeds per pod, and number of pods per plant were obtained from 66% N fertilizer application. Mycorrhiza inoculation increased harvest index, seed yield and its components. The soil bulk density in the no-tillage system had the highest value. The maximum and the minimum soil moisture contents were observed for non-tillage and conventional tillage systems, respectively.The highest soil cone index (2.25 MPa) was obtained from no-tillage and 66% N fertilizer and the lowest (1.07 MPa) was for conventional tillage system+ without nitrogen application. The highest and the lowest soil organic carbon were related to no-tillage and conventional tillage systems with 0.68% and 0.32%, respectively.ConclusionIn general, the conservation tillage system+ application of 66% N fertilizer and inoculation with mycorrhiza had a relative advantage impact on yield and related traits. In addition, the soil physical traits and organic carbon content were improved affected as declined tillage systems. The long-term field experiment points out the beneficial impacts of reduced tillage and no tillage systems that, in addition to preserving both soil physical (such as cone index) and chemical criteria (and organic carbon), fertility and biological activity, could increase yield and exhibit a comparable yield over a long-term period as in conventional plough. Currently, there is no mung bean variety appropriate to Iran. Improving some varieties with higher yield which are tolerant to warm climate and water deficiency seems essential to improve the sustainability of local seed production. Investigating into the effect of mung bean tillage and fertilizer consumption on the weed type and density is also suggested for future studies.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage gave the highest 1000-seed weight (57.48 g).
- Taxon
- Mung Bean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatat0 - Treatment
- no-tillagee1
- Outcome
- 1000-seed weighte1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 57.48 ge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e1“the highest 1000-seed weight (57.48 g) was obtained from no-tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation tillage gave the highest number of seeds per pod (10.64).
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- conservation tillagee2
- Outcome
- number of seeds per pode2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 10.64 seeds per pode2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e2“the highest number of seeds per pod (10.64 seeds per pod) and the number of pods per plant (61.04 pods per plant) were obtained from conservation tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation tillage gave the highest number of pods per plant (61.04).
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- conservation tillagee2
- Outcome
- number of pods per plante2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 61.04 pods per plante2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e2“the highest number of seeds per pod (10.64 seeds per pod) and the number of pods per plant (61.04 pods per plant) were obtained from conservation tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation tillage with 100% N fertilizer gave the highest seed yield (2941 kg/ha).
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- conservation tillage + application of 100% N fertilizere3
- Outcome
- seed yielde3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 2941 kg.ha-1e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e3“The highest seed yield was obtained from conservation tillage + application of 100% N fertilizer with 2941 kg.ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
66% N fertilizer gave the highest seed weight, number of seeds per pod and number of pods per plant.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- 66% N fertilizer applicatione4
- Outcome
- seed weight, number of seeds per pod, and number of pods per plante4
- Direction
- higheste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e4“The highest seed weight, number of seeds per pod, and number of pods per plant were obtained from 66% N fertilizer application”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza inoculation increased harvest index, seed yield and yield components of mung bean.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhiza inoculatione5
- Interactor
- Glomus mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee6symbiont - Outcome
- harvest index, seed yield and its componentse5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e5“Mycorrhiza inoculation increased harvest index, seed yield and its components”
e6“Contains arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi of Glomus mosseae strains”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage gave the highest soil bulk density.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e7“The soil bulk density in the no-tillage system had the highest value”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage gave the maximum soil moisture content.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e1“The maximum and the minimum soil moisture contents were observed for non-tillage and conventional tillage systems, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage gave the minimum soil moisture content.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e1“The maximum and the minimum soil moisture contents were observed for non-tillage and conventional tillage systems, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage with 66% N fertilizer gave the highest soil cone index (2.25 MPa).
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e1“The highest soil cone index (2.25 MPa) was obtained from no-tillage and 66% N fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage without nitrogen gave the lowest soil cone index (1.07 MPa).
- Treatment
- conventional tillage system+ without nitrogen applicatione2
- Outcome
- soil cone indexe1
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 1.07 MPae2
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e1“The highest soil cone index (2.25 MPa) was obtained from no-tillage and 66% N fertilizer”
e2“the lowest (1.07 MPa) was for conventional tillage system+ without nitrogen application”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage gave the highest soil organic carbon (0.68%).
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e1“The highest and the lowest soil organic carbon were related to no-tillage and conventional tillage systems with 0.68% and 0.32%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage gave the lowest soil organic carbon (0.32%).
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e1“The highest and the lowest soil organic carbon were related to no-tillage and conventional tillage systems with 0.68% and 0.32%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that conservation tillage with 66% N fertilizer and mycorrhiza inoculation had a relative advantage for yield.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- conservation tillage system+ application of 66% N fertilizer and inoculation with mycorrhizae1
- Outcome
- yield and related traitse1
- Direction
- relative advantagee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e1“the conservation tillage system+ application of 66% N fertilizer and inoculation with mycorrhiza had a relative advantage impact on yield and related traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced and no tillage improved soil physical traits and organic carbon content.
- Treatment
- declined tillage systemse1
- Outcome
- soil physical traits and organic carbon contente1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e1“the soil physical traits and organic carbon content were improved affected as declined tillage systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced and no tillage gave a yield comparable to conventional plough over the long term.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- reduced tillage and no tillage systemse2
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- comparablee1
- Comparator
- conventional ploughe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e1“could increase yield and exhibit a comparable yield over a long-term period as in conventional plough”
e2“the beneficial impacts of reduced tillage and no tillage systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced and no tillage could increase yield of mung bean.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- reduced tillage and no tillage systemse2
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Yield of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e1“could increase yield and exhibit a comparable yield over a long-term period as in conventional plough”
e2“the beneficial impacts of reduced tillage and no tillage systems”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.