Abstract
The sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, L) cultivar “Farida” was grown on a clay soil at Water Management Research Station at El-Karada, Kafrelshiekh, Egypt, in 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons, to determine the effect of three irrigation regimes (at 40, 55, 70% depletion of available soil moisture, DAM), two nitrogen rates (75 and 90 kg N/feddan) and four micronutrients treatments (through seed soaking (SS), foliar spraying (FS), (SS+FS) and control) on growth, yields, quality and water relations. Solution of micronutrients contained 2 g from each of Zn SO4 (26% Zn), Mn SO4 (24% Mn), Fe SO4 (20% Fe) and boric acid per liter. Abundance of the available soil moisture significantly increased dry weight/plant, leaf area index (LAI), root diameter, top yield, crop growth rate (CGR) and water consumptive use (WU). The inverse was true in root/top ratio, root length and concentration of gross sugar in roots. Increasing soil moisture level improved juice purity by decreasing impurities (K, Na and a-amino-N) in roots. The plants irrigated at 55% DAM produced the highest net assimilation rate (NAR) and water efficiency use for roots (WUER) and white sugar (WUES) production compared to those irrigated at 40 or 70% DAM. Increasing nitrogen rate from 75 and 90 kg N/feddan significantly increased dry weight, LAI, CGR, root length, root weight, top yield, root yield, concentration of a-amino-N% and Na + K in roots, loss sugar%, sugar yield and WU. The inverse was true in root/top ratio, gross sugar%, white sugar % and juice purity %. Nitrogen rate had slightly effect on WUER and WUES. Application of micronutrients through seed soaking and foliar spraying (SS+FS) produced the greatest dry weight, root/top ratio, LAI, CGR, root length, root diameter, root weight, top yield, root yield, gross sugar%, white sugar % and juice purity %, sugar yield, WUER and WUES. SS was at par SS+FS in most these traits. FS increased concentration of a-amino-N% and Na + K in roots and the most of mentioned traits compared with control. All interactions had a significant effect on root and white sugar yields/feddan. The maximum root and white sugar yields and the best WUER and WUES were achieved from plants irrigated at 55% DAM and received 90 kg N/feddan along with SS+FS It can be concluded that the irrigation at 55% DAM along with 90 kg N/feddan and SS+FS or SS was the recommended treatment for optimum root and extractable white sugar yield per unit area with less water consumptive use at Kafrelshiekh Governorate.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
More available soil moisture increased dry weight, leaf area and root diameter.
- Taxon
- sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0 - Treatment
- available soil moisturee0
- Outcome
- dry weight/plant, leaf area index (LAI), root diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Abundance of the available soil moisture significantly increased dry weight/plant, leaf area index (LAI), root diameter, top yield, crop growth rate (CGR) and water consumptive use (WU)”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
More soil moisture increased top yield and crop growth rate.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- available soil moisturee0
- Outcome
- top yield, crop growth rate (CGR)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Abundance of the available soil moisture significantly increased dry weight/plant, leaf area index (LAI), root diameter, top yield, crop growth rate (CGR) and water consumptive use (WU)”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
More soil moisture increased water consumptive use.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- available soil moisturee0
- Outcome
- water consumptive use (WU)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Abundance of the available soil moisture significantly increased dry weight/plant, leaf area index (LAI), root diameter, top yield, crop growth rate (CGR) and water consumptive use (WU)”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
More soil moisture reduced root to top ratio, root length and gross root sugar concentration.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- available soil moisturee1
- Outcome
- root/top ratio, root length and concentration of gross sugar in rootse0
- Direction
- inversee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inverse was true in root/top ratio, root length and concentration of gross sugar in roots”
t0“Sugar Beet”
e1“Abundance of the available soil moisture significantly increased dry weight/plant, leaf area index (LAI), root diameter, top yield, crop growth rate (CGR) and water consumptive use (WU)”
Claim · model-written summary
More soil moisture improved juice purity by reducing root impurities.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Increasing soil moisture levele0
- Outcome
- juice puritye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing soil moisture level improved juice purity by decreasing impurities (K, Na and a-amino-N) in roots”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
More soil moisture reduced potassium, sodium and amino nitrogen impurities in roots.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Increasing soil moisture levele0
- Outcome
- impurities (K, Na and a-amino-N) in rootse0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing soil moisture level improved juice purity by decreasing impurities (K, Na and a-amino-N) in roots”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 55% DAM gave the highest net assimilation rate.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 55% DAMe0
- Outcome
- net assimilation rate (NAR)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- 40 or 70% DAMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants irrigated at 55% DAM produced the highest net assimilation rate (NAR) and water efficiency use for roots (WUER) and white sugar (WUES) production compared to those irrigated at 40 or 70% DAM”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 55% DAM gave the highest water use efficiency for roots and white sugar.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 55% DAMe0
- Outcome
- water efficiency use for roots (WUER) and white sugar (WUES) productione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- 40 or 70% DAMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants irrigated at 55% DAM produced the highest net assimilation rate (NAR) and water efficiency use for roots (WUER) and white sugar (WUES) production compared to those irrigated at 40 or 70% DAM”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen increased dry weight, leaf area and crop growth rate.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Increasing nitrogen rate from 75 and 90 kg N/feddane0
- Outcome
- dry weight, LAI, CGRe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing nitrogen rate from 75 and 90 kg N/feddan significantly increased dry weight, LAI, CGR, root length, root weight, top yield, root yield, concentration of a-amino-N% and Na + K in roots, loss sugar%, sugar yield and WU”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen increased root length and weight, top yield and root yield.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Increasing nitrogen rate from 75 and 90 kg N/feddane0
- Outcome
- root length, root weight, top yield, root yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing nitrogen rate from 75 and 90 kg N/feddan significantly increased dry weight, LAI, CGR, root length, root weight, top yield, root yield, concentration of a-amino-N% and Na + K in roots, loss sugar%, sugar yield and WU”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen increased root amino nitrogen and sodium plus potassium.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Increasing nitrogen rate from 75 and 90 kg N/feddane0
- Outcome
- concentration of a-amino-N% and Na + K in rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing nitrogen rate from 75 and 90 kg N/feddan significantly increased dry weight, LAI, CGR, root length, root weight, top yield, root yield, concentration of a-amino-N% and Na + K in roots, loss sugar%, sugar yield and WU”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen increased sugar loss, sugar yield and water use.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Increasing nitrogen rate from 75 and 90 kg N/feddane0
- Outcome
- loss sugar%, sugar yield and WUe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing nitrogen rate from 75 and 90 kg N/feddan significantly increased dry weight, LAI, CGR, root length, root weight, top yield, root yield, concentration of a-amino-N% and Na + K in roots, loss sugar%, sugar yield and WU”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen reduced root to top ratio, gross and white sugar percentages, and juice purity.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Increasing nitrogen rate from 75 and 90 kg N/feddane1
- Outcome
- root/top ratio, gross sugar%, white sugar % and juice purity %e0
- Direction
- inversee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inverse was true in root/top ratio, gross sugar%, white sugar % and juice purity %”
t0“Sugar Beet”
e1“Increasing nitrogen rate from 75 and 90 kg N/feddan significantly increased dry weight, LAI, CGR, root length, root weight, top yield, root yield, concentration of a-amino-N% and Na + K in roots, loss sugar%, sugar yield and WU”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen rate had little effect on water use efficiency for roots or white sugar.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen ratee0
- Outcome
- WUER and WUESe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen rate had slightly effect on WUER and WUES”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed soaking plus foliar spraying maximized sugar beet growth and yield traits.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- seed soaking and foliar spraying (SS+FS)e0
- Outcome
- dry weight, root/top ratio, LAI, CGR, root length, root diameter, root weight, top yield, root yielde0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of micronutrients through seed soaking and foliar spraying (SS+FS) produced the greatest dry weight, root/top ratio, LAI, CGR, root length, root diameter, root weight, top yield, root yield, gross sugar%, white sugar % and juice purity %, sugar yield, WUER and WUES”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed soaking plus spraying maximized sugar and water efficiency traits.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- seed soaking and foliar spraying (SS+FS)e0
- Outcome
- gross sugar%, white sugar % and juice purity %, sugar yield, WUER and WUESe0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of micronutrients through seed soaking and foliar spraying (SS+FS) produced the greatest dry weight, root/top ratio, LAI, CGR, root length, root diameter, root weight, top yield, root yield, gross sugar%, white sugar % and juice purity %, sugar yield, WUER and WUES”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed soaking was comparable with soaking plus spraying for most traits.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Outcome
- at pare0
- Direction
- at pare0
- Comparator
- SS+FSe0
Not reportedMaterial
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SS was at par SS+FS in most these traits”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spraying increased root impurities and most growth and yield traits relative to control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- FSe0
- Outcome
- concentration of a-amino-N% and Na + K in rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FS increased concentration of a-amino-N% and Na + K in roots and the most of mentioned traits compared with control”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatment interactions significantly affected root and white sugar yield.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- All interactionse0
- Outcome
- root and white sugar yields/feddane0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All interactions had a significant effect on root and white sugar yields/feddan”
t0“Sugar Beet”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 55% DAM, 90 kg nitrogen and soaking plus spraying or soaking for optimal sugar yield with less water use.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Outcome
- irrigation at 55% DAM along with 90 kg N/feddan and SS+FS or SSe0
- Setting
- Kafrelshiekh Governoratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation at 55% DAM along with 90 kg N/feddan and SS+FS or SS was the recommended treatment for optimum root and extractable white sugar yield per unit area with less water consumptive use at Kafrelshiekh Governorate”
t0“Sugar Beet”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.