Abstract
In order to mitigate the detrimental impact that climate change is having on plants, the study of new practices that allow for the reduction of such effects has become imperative. In addition, the revaluation of the promotion of healthy plant by-products has also markedly increased in importance in recent years. In this work, the modifications in biomass and some antioxidant compounds of cauliflower by-products treated with putrescine under extreme temperatures in two different CO2 scenarios (the control (400 ppm) and a high concentration of CO2 (1000 ppm)) were studied. Additionally, the compositions of inner and outer leaves were also compared. According to results found in this work, cauliflower grown under elevated CO2 and treated with putrescine (2.5 mM) prior to heat stress showed the highest biomass accumulation (20%) compared to the control. Moreover, in the outer leaves from cauliflower grown under elevated CO2 and treated with putrescine prior to high temperature exposure, the highest biosynthesis of sugars (20%) was recorded. Although cauliflower by-products turned out to be rich in polyamines (208.6 nmoles g−1 fresh weight (FW) and 124.3 nmoles g−1 FW for outer and inner leaves, respectively) and phenolic compounds (1070.2 mg gallic acid equivalents ( (GAE) 100 g−1 FW in outer leaves and 772.0 mg GAE 100 g−1 FW in inner leaves), it was the outer leaves that after applying the new strategy showed the greatest increase in polyamines (68%) and phenolic compounds (39%), obtaining here the highest increase in antioxidant activity (3%). Thus, they should no longer be regarded as mere by-products and should be used for pharmaceutical or nutraceutical purposes. The novel strategy presented in this work may allow us to take advantage of both the continued increase in CO2 and heat waves that are becoming more frequent.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 plus 2.5 mM putrescine before heat produced the highest cauliflower biomass, 20% above control.
- Taxon
- cauliflower
Brassica oleracea var. botrytise0 - Treatment
- elevated CO2 and treated with putrescine (2.5 mM) prior to heat stresse0
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cauliflower grown under elevated CO2 and treated with putrescine (2.5 mM) prior to heat stress showed the highest biomass accumulation (20%) compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Outer leaves under elevated CO2 and putrescine before heat showed the highest sugar biosynthesis, 20%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Organ / stage
- outer leavese0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2 and treated with putrescine prior to high temperature exposuree0
- Outcome
- biosynthesis of sugarse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“outer leaves from cauliflower grown under elevated CO2 and treated with putrescine prior to high temperature exposure, the highest biosynthesis of sugars (20%) was recorded”
Claim · model-written summary
Outer cauliflower leaves contained 208.6 nmoles g−1 FW polyamines.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Outcome
- polyaminese0
- Value
- 208.6 nmoles g−1 fresh weight (FW)e0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“polyamines (208.6 nmoles g−1 fresh weight (FW) and 124.3 nmoles g−1 FW for outer and inner leaves, respectively)”
t0“cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Inner cauliflower leaves contained 124.3 nmoles g−1 FW polyamines.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Outcome
- polyaminese0
- Value
- 124.3 nmoles g−1 FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“polyamines (208.6 nmoles g−1 fresh weight (FW) and 124.3 nmoles g−1 FW for outer and inner leaves, respectively)”
t0“cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Outer cauliflower leaves contained 1070.2 mg GAE per 100 g FW phenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Organ / stage
- outer leavese0
- Outcome
- phenolic compoundse0
- Value
- 1070.2 mg gallic acid equivalents ( (GAE) 100 g−1 FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenolic compounds (1070.2 mg gallic acid equivalents ( (GAE) 100 g−1 FW in outer leaves and 772.0 mg GAE 100 g−1 FW in inner leaves)”
t0“cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Inner cauliflower leaves contained 772.0 mg GAE per 100 g FW phenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Organ / stage
- inner leavese0
- Outcome
- phenolic compoundse0
- Value
- 772.0 mg GAE 100 g−1 FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenolic compounds (1070.2 mg gallic acid equivalents ( (GAE) 100 g−1 FW in outer leaves and 772.0 mg GAE 100 g−1 FW in inner leaves)”
t0“cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The strategy increased polyamines in outer cauliflower leaves by 68%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Organ / stage
- outer leavese0
- Treatment
- new strategye0
- Outcome
- polyaminese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 68%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“outer leaves that after applying the new strategy showed the greatest increase in polyamines (68%)”
t0“cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The strategy increased phenolic compounds in outer cauliflower leaves by 39%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Organ / stage
- outer leavese0
- Treatment
- new strategye0
- Outcome
- phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“outer leaves that after applying the new strategy showed the greatest increase in polyamines (68%) and phenolic compounds (39%)”
t0“cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The strategy increased antioxidant activity in outer leaves by 3%.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 3%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“obtaining here the highest increase in antioxidant activity (3%)”
t0“cauliflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend pharmaceutical or nutraceutical use of cauliflower by-products.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Outcome
- should be used for pharmaceutical or nutraceutical purposese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they should no longer be regarded as mere by-products and should be used for pharmaceutical or nutraceutical purposes”
t0“cauliflower”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.