Abstract
High temperature (HT) causes physiological and biochemical changes in plants, which may influence their nutritional potential. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value of broccoli seedlings grown at HT on the level of phytochemicals, macro- and microelements, antioxidant capacity, and their extracts’ in vitro cytotoxicity. Total phenols, soluble sugars, carotenoids, quercetin, sinapic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and gallic acid were induced by HT. Contrarily, total flavonoids, flavonols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, proteins, glucosinolates, chlorophyll a and b, and porphyrins were reduced. Minerals As, Co, Cr, Hg, K, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Sn increased at HT, while Ca, Cd, Cu, Mg, Mn, and P decreased. ABTS, FRAP, and β-carotene bleaching assay showed higher antioxidant potential of seedlings grown at HT, while DPPH showed the opposite. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells were the most sensitive toward broccoli seedling extracts. The significant difference between control and HT-grown broccoli seedling extracts was recorded in mouse embryonal fibroblasts and colorectal carcinoma cells. These results show that the temperature of seedling growth is a critical factor for their nutritional value and the biological effects of their extracts and should definitely be taken into account when growing seedlings for food purposes.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature induced total phenols, soluble sugars, and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- Broccoli
Brassica oleracea var. italicat0 - Treatment
- HTe0
- Outcome
- Total phenols, soluble sugars, carotenoidse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols, soluble sugars, carotenoids, quercetin, sinapic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and gallic acid were induced by HT.”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature induced quercetin, sinapic, and ferulic acid.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- HTe0
- Outcome
- quercetin, sinapic, ferulice0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols, soluble sugars, carotenoids, quercetin, sinapic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and gallic acid were induced by HT.”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature induced p-coumaric and gallic acid.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- HTe0
- Outcome
- p-coumaric, and gallic acide0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total phenols, soluble sugars, carotenoids, quercetin, sinapic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and gallic acid were induced by HT.”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature reduced total flavonoids, flavonols, and phenolic acids.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- HTe1
- Outcome
- total flavonoids, flavonols, phenolic acidse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Contrarily, total flavonoids, flavonols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, proteins, glucosinolates, chlorophyll a and b, and porphyrins were reduced.”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
e1“Total phenols, soluble sugars, carotenoids, quercetin, sinapic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and gallic acid were induced by HT.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature reduced hydroxycinnamic acids, proteins, and glucosinolates.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- HTe1
- Outcome
- hydroxycinnamic acids, proteins, glucosinolatese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Contrarily, total flavonoids, flavonols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, proteins, glucosinolates, chlorophyll a and b, and porphyrins were reduced.”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
e1“Total phenols, soluble sugars, carotenoids, quercetin, sinapic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and gallic acid were induced by HT.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature reduced chlorophyll a and b and porphyrins.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- HTe1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a and b, and porphyrinse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Contrarily, total flavonoids, flavonols, phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, proteins, glucosinolates, chlorophyll a and b, and porphyrins were reduced.”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
e1“Total phenols, soluble sugars, carotenoids, quercetin, sinapic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and gallic acid were induced by HT.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased As, Co, and Cr levels.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- HTe0
- Outcome
- As, Co, Cre0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Minerals As, Co, Cr, Hg, K, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Sn increased at HT”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased Hg, K, and Na levels.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- HTe0
- Outcome
- Hg, K, Nae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Minerals As, Co, Cr, Hg, K, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Sn increased at HT”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased Ni, Pb, and Se levels.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- HTe0
- Outcome
- Ni, Pb, See0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Minerals As, Co, Cr, Hg, K, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Sn increased at HT”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased Sn levels.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- HTe0
- Outcome
- Sne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Minerals As, Co, Cr, Hg, K, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Sn increased at HT”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature decreased Ca, Cd, and Cu levels.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- HTe1
- Outcome
- Ca, Cd, Cue0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while Ca, Cd, Cu, Mg, Mn, and P decreased.”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
e1“Total phenols, soluble sugars, carotenoids, quercetin, sinapic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and gallic acid were induced by HT.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature decreased Mg, Mn, and P levels.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- HTe1
- Outcome
- Mg, Mn, and Pe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while Ca, Cd, Cu, Mg, Mn, and P decreased.”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
e1“Total phenols, soluble sugars, carotenoids, quercetin, sinapic, ferulic, p-coumaric, and gallic acid were induced by HT.”
Claim · model-written summary
ABTS, FRAP, and beta-carotene bleaching assays indicated higher antioxidant potential at high temperature.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- HTe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant potentiale0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- ABTS, FRAP, and β-carotene bleaching assaye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABTS, FRAP, and β-carotene bleaching assay showed higher antioxidant potential of seedlings grown at HT”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
DPPH indicated lower antioxidant potential at high temperature.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Outcome
- DPPHe0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while DPPH showed the opposite.”
t0“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. cymosa Duch.) Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Hepatocellular carcinoma cells were most sensitive to broccoli seedling extracts.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Outcome
- Hepatocellular carcinoma cellse0
- Direction
- most sensitivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hepatocellular carcinoma cells were the most sensitive toward broccoli seedling extracts.”
Claim · model-written summary
Control and high-temperature seedling extracts differed significantly in effects on mouse embryonal fibroblasts.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- HT-grown broccoli seedling extractse0
- Outcome
- mouse embryonal fibroblastse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The significant difference between control and HT-grown broccoli seedling extracts was recorded in mouse embryonal fibroblasts and colorectal carcinoma cells.”
Claim · model-written summary
Control and high-temperature seedling extracts differed significantly in effects on colorectal carcinoma cells.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- HT-grown broccoli seedling extractse0
- Outcome
- colorectal carcinoma cellse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The significant difference between control and HT-grown broccoli seedling extracts was recorded in mouse embryonal fibroblasts and colorectal carcinoma cells.”
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