Abstract
Managing root temperature can strongly influence plant growth in various species. Our previous work has shown that a positive effect of root cooling on the nutritional quality (sugars, vitamin C, and carotenoids levels) of two cocktail tomato cultivars, while the yield and mineral content was moderately reduced in two seasons. But few studies have investigated which cluster quality is more influenced by root temperature. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of root temperature and different cluster positions (the first to the fourth clusters) on fruit quality parameters of two cocktail tomato cultivars (‘Amoroso’ and ‘Delioso’). Two root temperatures, cool (10 °C) and control (18–22 °C), were applied to the roots of hydroponically cultivated tomato plants after inflorescence until the final harvest in the greenhouse. The results showed that root cooling has no influence on the biomass of fruits (both dry weight and fresh weight) of all clusters, but it increased the sugar (6.1–8.4%) and vitamin C (9.1–12.5%) concentration of the second cluster of ‘Amoroso’ and the third cluster of ‘Delioso’ compared to the control. In most cases, significant positive changes (8–23.8%) in the levels of lycopene were observed in response to low root temperature treatment, but the effect was dependent on different cluster positions and different cultivars. Most mineral element levels showed no response to the root temperature. Significant reductions (10% and 17.6%) along with the root cooling was only found in the level of zinc and potassium of the first and the second cluster of ‘Delioso’, respectively. It was concluded that the fruits from the second or third clusters containing more sugars, vitamin C, and lycopene, were more influenced by root cooling. In addition, the effect of cluster position on fruit quality was different between two root temperature groups. Root cooling reduced the heterogeneity in fruit quality parameters among the clusters of ‘Amoroso’ and increased the differences in ‘Delioso’.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Root cooling did not change fruit fresh or dry biomass across clusters.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- root coolinge0
- Outcome
- biomass of fruits (both dry weight and fresh weight)e0
- Direction
- no influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root cooling has no influence on the biomass of fruits (both dry weight and fresh weight) of all clusters”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Root cooling increased sugar concentration in the second Amoroso and third Delioso fruit clusters by 6.1–8.4%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- root coolinge1
- Outcome
- sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.1–8.4%e0
- Qualifier
- second cluster of ‘Amoroso’ and the third cluster of ‘Delioso’e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased the sugar (6.1–8.4%) and vitamin C (9.1–12.5%) concentration of the second cluster of ‘Amoroso’ and the third cluster of ‘Delioso’ compared to the control”
e1“root cooling has no influence”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Root cooling increased vitamin C concentration in the second Amoroso and third Delioso fruit clusters by 9.1–12.5%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- root coolinge1
- Outcome
- vitamin Ce0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.1–12.5%e0
- Qualifier
- second cluster of ‘Amoroso’ and the third cluster of ‘Delioso’e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased the sugar (6.1–8.4%) and vitamin C (9.1–12.5%) concentration of the second cluster of ‘Amoroso’ and the third cluster of ‘Delioso’ compared to the control”
e1“root cooling has no influence”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Low root temperature significantly increased lycopene by 8–23.8% in most cases, depending on cluster and cultivar.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- low root temperature treatmente0
- Outcome
- levels of lycopenee0
- Direction
- positive changese0
- Value
- 8–23.8%e0
- Qualifier
- dependent on different cluster positions and different cultivarse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant positive changes (8–23.8%) in the levels of lycopene were observed in response to low root temperature treatment, but the effect was dependent on different cluster positions and different cultivars”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Most fruit mineral element levels did not respond to root temperature.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- root temperaturee0
- Outcome
- mineral element levelse0
- Direction
- no responsee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most mineral element levels showed no response to the root temperature.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Cooling significantly reduced zinc in the first Delioso cluster by 10%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Deliosoe0
- Treatment
- root coolinge0
- Outcome
- level of zince0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 10%e0
- Qualifier
- firste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant reductions (10% and 17.6%) along with the root cooling was only found in the level of zinc and potassium of the first and the second cluster of ‘Delioso’, respectively.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Cooling significantly reduced potassium in the second Delioso cluster by 17.6%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Deliosoe0
- Treatment
- root coolinge0
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 17.6%e0
- Qualifier
- second clustere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant reductions (10% and 17.6%) along with the root cooling was only found in the level of zinc and potassium of the first and the second cluster of ‘Delioso’, respectively.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Second or third cluster fruits with more sugars, vitamin C, and lycopene were more affected by root cooling.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruits from the second or third clusterse0
- Treatment
- root coolinge0
- Outcome
- more sugars, vitamin C, and lycopenee0
- Direction
- more influencede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fruits from the second or third clusters containing more sugars, vitamin C, and lycopene, were more influenced by root cooling”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Cluster-position effects on fruit quality differed between root-temperature groups.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- cluster positione0
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- differente0
- Comparator
- two root temperature groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effect of cluster position on fruit quality was different between two root temperature groups”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Root cooling reduced between-cluster fruit-quality heterogeneity in Amoroso.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Amorosoe0
- Treatment
- Root coolinge0
- Outcome
- heterogeneity in fruit quality parameters among the clusterse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root cooling reduced the heterogeneity in fruit quality parameters among the clusters of ‘Amoroso’”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Root cooling increased between-cluster fruit-quality differences in Delioso.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Deliosoe0
- Treatment
- Root coolinge0
- Outcome
- differencese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root cooling reduced the heterogeneity in fruit quality parameters among the clusters of ‘Amoroso’ and increased the differences in ‘Delioso’.”
t0“Tomato”
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