Abstract
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pod wall is essential for seed formation and to protect seeds. To address the effect of water restriction on sugar metabolism in fruits differing in sink strength under light–dark cycles, we used plants of cv. OTI at 100% field capacity (FC) and at 50% FC over 10 days at the beginning of pod filling. Water restriction intensified the symptoms of leaf senescence. However, pods maintained a green color for several days longer than leaves did. In addition, the functionality of pods of the same raceme was anatomically demonstrated, and no differences were observed between water regimes. The glucose and starch concentrations were lower than those of sucrose, independent of pod wall size. Remarkably, the fructose concentration decreased only under water restriction. The cell wall invertase activity was twofold higher in the walls of small pods than in those of large ones in both water regimes; similar differences were not evident for cytosolic or vacuolar invertase. Using bioinformatics tools, six sequences of invertase genes were identified in the P. vulgaris genome. The PvINVCW4 protein sequence contains substitutions for conserved residues in the sucrose-binding site, while qPCR showed that transcript levels were induced in the walls of small pods under stress. The findings support a promising strategy for addressing sink strength under water restriction.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Water restriction intensified leaf senescence.
- Taxon
- Common Bean
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- Water restrictione0
- Outcome
- symptoms of leaf senescencee0
- Direction
- intensifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water restriction intensified the symptoms of leaf senescence.”
t0“Common Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pods stayed green several days longer than leaves.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- podse0
- Outcome
- green colore0
- Direction
- longere0
- Value
- several dayse0
- Comparator
- leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pods maintained a green color for several days longer than leaves did.”
t0“Common Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod anatomical functionality did not differ between water regimes.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- water regimese0
- Outcome
- functionality of podse0
- Direction
- no differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the functionality of pods of the same raceme was anatomically demonstrated, and no differences were observed between water regimes.”
t0“Common Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucose and starch concentrations were below sucrose concentration regardless of pod wall size.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- pod walle0
- Outcome
- glucose and starch concentrationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- sucrosee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The glucose and starch concentrations were lower than those of sucrose, independent of pod wall size.”
t0“Common Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Fructose concentration decreased only under water restriction.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- water restrictione0
- Outcome
- fructose concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fructose concentration decreased only under water restriction.”
t0“Common Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell wall invertase activity was twofold higher in small than large pod walls across both water regimes.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- walls of small podse0
- Gene
- cell wall invertasee0
- Outcome
- cell wall invertase activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- twofolde0
- Comparator
- those of large onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cell wall invertase activity was twofold higher in the walls of small pods than in those of large ones in both water regimes”
t0“Common Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytosolic and vacuolar invertase activities lacked a comparable small-versus-large pod difference.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- cytosolic or vacuolar invertasee0
- Direction
- not evidente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“similar differences were not evident for cytosolic or vacuolar invertase.”
t0“Common Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Six invertase-gene sequences were identified in the bean genome.
- Taxon
- P. vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Outcome
- six sequences of invertase genese0
- Value
- six sequencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six sequences of invertase genes were identified in the P. vulgaris genome.”
Claim · model-written summary
PvINVCW4 has substitutions at conserved sucrose-binding residues.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Gene
- PvINVCW4e0
- Outcome
- substitutions for conserved residues in the sucrose-binding sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PvINVCW4 protein sequence contains substitutions for conserved residues in the sucrose-binding site”
t0“Common Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Invertase transcript levels were induced in small pod walls under stress.
- Taxon
- Common BeanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- walls of small podse0
- Treatment
- stresse0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcript levels were induced in the walls of small pods under stress.”
t0“Common Bean”
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