Abstract
Abstract Heat stress during gametogenesis leads to spikelet sterility. To ascertain the role of female reproductive organ (pistil), two rice genotypes N22 and IR64 with contrasting heat stress responses were exposed to control (30 °C) and heat stress (38 °C and 40 °C) during megasporogenesis. Anatomical observations of ovule revealed greater disappearance of megaspore mother cell and nuclei at early stages, and during later stages mature embryo sac without female germ unit, improper positioning of nuclei, and shrunken embryo sac was observed in the sensitive IR64. Under heat stress, a decrease in sugar and starch, increase in H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde with lower antioxidant enzyme activities were recorded in pistils of both N22 and IR64. Lower accumulation of TCA cycle metabolites and amino acids were noticed in IR64 pistils under heat stress at gametogenesis, whereas N22 exhibited favorable metabolite profiles. At heading, however, N22 pistils had higher carbohydrate accumulation and better ROS homeostasis, suggesting higher recovery after heat stress exposure. In summary, the results indicate that heat stress during megasporogenesis leads to irreversible anatomical and physiological changes in pistil and alters metabolic signatures leading to increased spikelet sterility in rice. Mechanisms identified for enhanced heat tolerance in pistil can help in developing rice varieties that are better adapted to future hotter climate.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress increased the disappearance of megaspore mother cells and nuclei at early stages in the sensitive rice genotype IR64 compared with control.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- IR64e1
- Organ / stage
- ovulee1
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- disappearance of megaspore mother cell and nucleie1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two rice genotypes N22 and IR64 with contrasting heat stress responses were exposed to control (30 °C) and heat stress (38 °C and 40 °C) during megasporogenesis”
e1“Anatomical observations of ovule revealed greater disappearance of megaspore mother cell and nuclei at early stages, and during later stages mature embryo sac without female germ unit, improper positioning of nuclei, and shrunken embryo sac was observed in the sensitive IR64”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, IR64 ovules showed mature embryo sacs without female germ units, improper nuclei positioning and shrunken embryo sacs.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- IR64e1
- Organ / stage
- mature embryo sace1
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- mature embryo sac without female germ unit, improper positioning of nuclei, and shrunken embryo sace1
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two rice genotypes N22 and IR64 with contrasting heat stress responses were exposed to control (30 °C) and heat stress (38 °C and 40 °C) during megasporogenesis”
e1“Anatomical observations of ovule revealed greater disappearance of megaspore mother cell and nuclei at early stages, and during later stages mature embryo sac without female germ unit, improper positioning of nuclei, and shrunken embryo sac was observed in the sensitive IR64”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, pistils of both N22 and IR64 showed a decrease in sugar and starch.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- N22 and IR64e2
- Organ / stage
- pistilse2
- Treatment
- heat stresse2
- Outcome
- sugar and starche2
- Direction
- decreasee2
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two rice genotypes N22 and IR64 with contrasting heat stress responses were exposed to control (30 °C) and heat stress (38 °C and 40 °C) during megasporogenesis”
e2“Under heat stress, a decrease in sugar and starch, increase in H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde with lower antioxidant enzyme activities were recorded in pistils of both N22 and IR64”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, pistils of both N22 and IR64 showed increased H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- N22 and IR64e2
- Organ / stage
- pistilse2
- Treatment
- heat stresse2
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 and malondialdehydee2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two rice genotypes N22 and IR64 with contrasting heat stress responses were exposed to control (30 °C) and heat stress (38 °C and 40 °C) during megasporogenesis”
e2“Under heat stress, a decrease in sugar and starch, increase in H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde with lower antioxidant enzyme activities were recorded in pistils of both N22 and IR64”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress, pistils of both N22 and IR64 showed lower antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- N22 and IR64e2
- Organ / stage
- pistilse2
- Treatment
- heat stresse2
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two rice genotypes N22 and IR64 with contrasting heat stress responses were exposed to control (30 °C) and heat stress (38 °C and 40 °C) during megasporogenesis”
e2“Under heat stress, a decrease in sugar and starch, increase in H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde with lower antioxidant enzyme activities were recorded in pistils of both N22 and IR64”
Claim · model-written summary
Under heat stress during gametogenesis, IR64 pistils showed lower accumulation of TCA cycle metabolites and amino acids compared with N22.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- IR64e3
- Organ / stage
- pistilse3
- Treatment
- heat stresse3
- Outcome
- TCA cycle metabolites and amino acidse3
- Direction
- Lowere3
- Comparator
- N22e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two rice genotypes N22 and IR64 with contrasting heat stress responses were exposed to control (30 °C) and heat stress (38 °C and 40 °C) during megasporogenesis”
e3“Lower accumulation of TCA cycle metabolites and amino acids were noticed in IR64 pistils under heat stress at gametogenesis, whereas N22 exhibited favorable metabolite profiles”
Claim · model-written summary
N22 pistils exhibited favorable metabolite profiles under heat stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- N22e3
- Outcome
- metabolite profilese3
- Qualifier
- favorablee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two rice genotypes N22 and IR64 with contrasting heat stress responses were exposed to control (30 °C) and heat stress (38 °C and 40 °C) during megasporogenesis”
e3“Lower accumulation of TCA cycle metabolites and amino acids were noticed in IR64 pistils under heat stress at gametogenesis, whereas N22 exhibited favorable metabolite profiles”
Claim · model-written summary
At heading, N22 pistils had higher carbohydrate accumulation and better ROS homeostasis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- N22e4
- Organ / stage
- pistilse4
- Outcome
- carbohydrate accumulation and better ROS homeostasise4
- Direction
- highere4
- Qualifier
- At headinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two rice genotypes N22 and IR64 with contrasting heat stress responses were exposed to control (30 °C) and heat stress (38 °C and 40 °C) during megasporogenesis”
e4“At heading, however, N22 pistils had higher carbohydrate accumulation and better ROS homeostasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress during megasporogenesis increased spikelet sterility in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae5
- Treatment
- heat stress during megasporogenesise5
- Outcome
- spikelet sterilitye5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“heat stress during megasporogenesis leads to irreversible anatomical and physiological changes in pistil and alters metabolic signatures leading to increased spikelet sterility in rice”
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