Abstract
Citrus plants are a highly mycotrophic species with high levels of fungal colonization. Citrus aurantium rootstocks typically show abundant root colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis three weeks after inoculation. Mycorrhizal symbiosis protects plants against multiple biotic stressors, however, such protection against spider mites remains controversial. We examined mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR) in citrus against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae . Mycorrhized C. aurantium displayed reduced levels of damage in leaves and lower mite oviposition rates, compared to non-mycorrhized controls. Mycorrhization did not affect host choice of mites in Y-tube assays; of note, C. aurantium has innate strong antixenotic resistance against this mite. Analysis of metabolism pathways in mycorrhized citrus plants showed upregulated expression of the oxylipin-related genes LOX-2 and PR-3 early after infestation. Accordingly, jasmonic acid (JA), 12-oxo phytodienoic acid (OPDA), and JA-Ile concentrations were increased by mycorrhization. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis revealed the amino acid, oxocarboxylic acid, and phenylpropanoid metabolism as the three major pathways with more hits at 24 h post infection (hpi) in mycorrhized plants. Interestingly, there was a transition to a priming profile of these pathways at 48 hpi following infestation. Three flavonoids (i.e., malic acid, coumaric acid, and diconiferyl alcohol) were among the priming compounds. A mixture containing all these compounds provided efficient protection against the mite. Unexpectedly, systemic resistance did not improve after 72 h of primary infestation, probably due to the innate strong systemic resistance of C. aurantium . This is the first study to show that MIR is functional against T. urticae in locally infested citrus leaves, which is mediated by a complex pool of secondary metabolites and is likely coordinated by priming of JA-dependent responses.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizophagus irregularis colonized Citrus aurantium roots abundantly three weeks after inoculation.
- Taxon
- Citrus aurantium
Citrus ×aurantiume1 - Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis
Rhizophagus irregularise1symbiont - Outcome
- root colonizatione1
- Qualifier
- three weeks after inoculatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Citrus aurantium rootstocks typically show abundant root colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis three weeks after inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhized C. aurantium showed reduced leaf damage by Tetranychus urticae compared with non-mycorrhized controls.
- Taxon
- C. aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume2
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizede2
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticae
.jpg?width=60)
Tetranychus urticaee3pest - Outcome
- levels of damage in leavese2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- non-mycorrhized controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e2“Mycorrhized C. aurantium displayed reduced levels of damage in leaves and lower mite oviposition rates, compared to non-mycorrhized controls”
e3“against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhized C. aurantium showed lower oviposition rates of Tetranychus urticae compared with non-mycorrhized controls.
- Taxon
- C. aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume2
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizede2
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticaee3pest
- Outcome
- mite oviposition ratese2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- non-mycorrhized controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Mycorrhized C. aurantium displayed reduced levels of damage in leaves and lower mite oviposition rates, compared to non-mycorrhized controls”
e3“against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhization did not affect host choice of mites in Y-tube assays.
- Taxon
- C. aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume3
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizatione2
- Interactor
- mitese2pest
- Outcome
- host choice of mitese2
- Setting
- Y-tube assayse2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Mycorrhization did not affect host choice of mites in Y-tube assays”
e3“of note, C. aurantium has innate strong antixenotic resistance against this mite”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrus aurantium has innate strong antixenotic resistance against Tetranychus urticae.
- Taxon
- C. aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume3
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticaee4pest
- Outcome
- innate strong antixenotic resistancee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“of note, C. aurantium has innate strong antixenotic resistance against this mite”
e4“against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhization increased jasmonic acid, OPDA and JA-Ile concentrations in citrus.
- Taxon
- Citrus aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume1
- Treatment
- mycorrhizatione2
- Outcome
- jasmonic acid (JA), 12-oxo phytodienoic acid (OPDA), and JA-Ile concentrationse2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Citrus aurantium rootstocks typically show abundant root colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis three weeks after inoculation”
e2“Accordingly, jasmonic acid (JA), 12-oxo phytodienoic acid (OPDA), and JA-Ile concentrations were increased by mycorrhization”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhized citrus plants upregulated LOX-2 and PR-3 expression early after infestation.
- Taxon
- Citrus aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume1
- Treatment
- mycorrhizede2
- Gene
- LOX-2 and PR-3e2
- Outcome
- expressione2
- Direction
- upregulatede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Citrus aurantium rootstocks typically show abundant root colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis three weeks after inoculation”
e2“Analysis of metabolism pathways in mycorrhized citrus plants showed upregulated expression of the oxylipin-related genes LOX-2 and PR-3 early after infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-targeted metabolomics showed amino acid, oxocarboxylic acid and phenylpropanoid metabolism as the three major pathways with more hits at 24 hpi in mycorrhized plants.
- Taxon
- Citrus aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume1
- Outcome
- amino acid, oxocarboxylic acid, and phenylpropanoid metabolisme2
- Qualifier
- more hits at 24 h post infection (hpi) in mycorrhized plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Citrus aurantium rootstocks typically show abundant root colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis three weeks after inoculation”
e2“Non-targeted metabolomic analysis revealed the amino acid, oxocarboxylic acid, and phenylpropanoid metabolism as the three major pathways with more hits at 24 h post infection (hpi) in mycorrhized plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhized citrus showed a transition to a priming profile of these pathways at 48 hpi after infestation.
- Taxon
- Citrus aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume1
- Outcome
- transition to a priming profile of these pathwayse2
- Qualifier
- at 48 hpi following infestatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Citrus aurantium rootstocks typically show abundant root colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis three weeks after inoculation”
e2“Interestingly, there was a transition to a priming profile of these pathways at 48 hpi following infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Malic acid, coumaric acid and diconiferyl alcohol were among the priming compounds.
- Taxon
- Citrus aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume1
- Compound
- malic acid, coumaric acid, and diconiferyl alcohole2
- Outcome
- among the priming compoundse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Citrus aurantium rootstocks typically show abundant root colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis three weeks after inoculation”
e2“Three flavonoids (i.e., malic acid, coumaric acid, and diconiferyl alcohol) were among the priming compounds”
Claim · model-written summary
A mixture of all these compounds provided efficient protection against the mite.
- Taxon
- Citrus aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume1
- Treatment
- A mixture containing all these compoundse2
- Interactor
- mitee2pest
- Outcome
- protection against the mitee2
- Direction
- efficiente2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Citrus aurantium rootstocks typically show abundant root colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis three weeks after inoculation”
e2“A mixture containing all these compounds provided efficient protection against the mite”
Claim · model-written summary
Systemic resistance did not improve after 72 h of primary infestation in citrus.
- Taxon
- Citrus aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume1
- Outcome
- systemic resistancee2
- Qualifier
- did not improve after 72 h of primary infestatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Citrus aurantium rootstocks typically show abundant root colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis three weeks after inoculation”
e2“Unexpectedly, systemic resistance did not improve after 72 h of primary infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
The lack of improved systemic resistance is probably due to the innate strong systemic resistance of C. aurantium.
- Taxon
- C. aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume2
- Outcome
- systemic resistancee2
- Qualifier
- innate strong systemic resistance of C. aurantiume2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“probably due to the innate strong systemic resistance of C. aurantium”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza-induced resistance is functional against Tetranychus urticae in locally infested citrus leaves.
- Taxon
- Citrus aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume1
- Interactor
- T. urticaeTetranychus urticaee2pest
- Outcome
- MIR is functional against T. urticae in locally infested citrus leavese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Citrus aurantium rootstocks typically show abundant root colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis three weeks after inoculation”
e2“This is the first study to show that MIR is functional against T. urticae in locally infested citrus leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
MIR is likely mediated by a complex pool of secondary metabolites and coordinated by priming of JA-dependent responses.
- Taxon
- Citrus aurantiumCitrus ×aurantiume1
- Compound
- secondary metabolitese3
- Outcome
- MIRe2
- Qualifier
- likely coordinated by priming of JA-dependent responsese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Citrus aurantium rootstocks typically show abundant root colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis three weeks after inoculation”
e2“This is the first study to show that MIR is functional against T. urticae in locally infested citrus leaves”
e3“which is mediated by a complex pool of secondary metabolites and is likely coordinated by priming of JA-dependent responses”
The same questions in other papers
mycorrhiza · physiology: hormones · Citrus x aurantium (sour orange)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.