Abstract
Weeds have been a major constraint in maize cultivation resulting in huge economic loss to farmers. A field experiment was conducted at Dhading Besi, Nepal to evaluate the effect of different weed management practices on weed dynamics, yield and economics of spring maize in 2020. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) comprising of eight treatments with three replications. Rajkumar hybrid maize variety was used in the experiment. The treatments consisted of weedy check, weed free, atrazine as PE @1.0 kg a.i./ha, pendimethalin as PE @1.0 kg a.i./ha, atrazine @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha as PE followed by (fb) 2,4-D EE @0.5 kg a.i./ha as PoE, pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha as PE fb 2,4-D EE @ 0.5 kg a.i./ha as PoE, 2 hand weeding @ 20 and 40 DAS and Farmer’s practice. The experiment result revealed that sequential application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE treatment resulted in highest grain yield (11.37 t/ha) which was statistically similar with weed free (11.24 t/ha) and followed by the treatment atrazine (10.36 t/ha). 16 weed species belonging to 6 different families were identified. The broad leaf weeds and grassy weeds were more prominent than sedges. The total density and dry weight of weeds were found significantly lower in sequential application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE than other treatments. Similarly, application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE resulted in maximum weed control efficiency of 87.59 %, 95.91 % and 92.17% at 30, 45 and 60 DAS respectively. The lowest weed index (-1.27%) was also obtained in the application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE. Yield loss due to weed in the weedy check treatment was found to be 50.99% followed by farmer’s practice (43.17%). The benefit cost ratio and increment in benefit over weedy check were highest in atrazine fb 2,4-D EE followed by atrazine and significantly better than other weed management treatments. The sequential application of atrazine fb 2,4- D EE was found to be the most effective in controlling weeds, high yielding and economical among the different weed control treatments. The application of atrazine one time as PE was found to be next better option for weed control in spring maize.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential atrazine fb 2,4-D EE gave the highest grain yield, 11.37 t/ha.
- Treatment
- sequential application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EEe3
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 11.37 t/hae3
- Setting
- Dhading Besi, Nepale1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e1“A field experiment was conducted at Dhading Besi, Nepal”
e3“sequential application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE treatment resulted in highest grain yield (11.37 t/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield under sequential atrazine fb 2,4-D EE was statistically similar to the weed-free treatment (11.24 t/ha).
- Treatment
- sequential application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EEe3
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Qualifier
- 11.24 t/hae4
- Comparator
- weed freee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e3“sequential application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE treatment resulted in highest grain yield (11.37 t/ha)”
e4“which was statistically similar with weed free (11.24 t/ha) and followed by the treatment atrazine (10.36 t/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine alone gave a grain yield of 10.36 t/ha, ranking after the sequential atrazine fb 2,4-D EE treatment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e3“sequential application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE treatment resulted in highest grain yield (11.37 t/ha)”
e4“which was statistically similar with weed free (11.24 t/ha) and followed by the treatment atrazine (10.36 t/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential atrazine fb 2,4-D EE significantly lowered the total density and dry weight of weeds compared with other treatments.
- Treatment
- sequential application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EEe5
- Interactor
- weedse5weed
- Outcome
- total density and dry weight of weedse5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Comparator
- other treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e5“The total density and dry weight of weeds were found significantly lower in sequential application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE than other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE gave the maximum weed control efficiency of 87.59 % at 30 DAS.
- Treatment
- application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EEe6
- Outcome
- weed control efficiencye6
- Direction
- maximume6
- Value
- 87.59 %e6
- Qualifier
- at 30, 45 and 60 DAS respectivelye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e6“application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE resulted in maximum weed control efficiency of 87.59 %, 95.91 % and 92.17% at 30, 45 and 60 DAS respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE gave the maximum weed control efficiency of 95.91 % at 45 DAS.
- Treatment
- application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EEe6
- Outcome
- weed control efficiencye6
- Direction
- maximume6
- Value
- 95.91 %e6
- Qualifier
- at 30, 45 and 60 DAS respectivelye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e6“application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE resulted in maximum weed control efficiency of 87.59 %, 95.91 % and 92.17% at 30, 45 and 60 DAS respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE gave the maximum weed control efficiency of 92.17% at 60 DAS.
- Treatment
- application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EEe6
- Outcome
- weed control efficiencye6
- Direction
- maximume6
- Value
- 92.17%e6
- Qualifier
- at 30, 45 and 60 DAS respectivelye6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e6“application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE resulted in maximum weed control efficiency of 87.59 %, 95.91 % and 92.17% at 30, 45 and 60 DAS respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE gave the lowest weed index, -1.27%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e7“The lowest weed index (-1.27%) was also obtained in the application of atrazine fb 2,4-D EE”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield loss due to weeds in the weedy check treatment was 50.99%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e0“Yield loss due to weed in the weedy check treatment was found to be 50.99% followed by farmer’s practice (43.17%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield loss due to weeds under farmer’s practice was 43.17%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e0“Yield loss due to weed in the weedy check treatment was found to be 50.99% followed by farmer’s practice (43.17%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential atrazine fb 2,4-D EE had the highest benefit cost ratio and increment in benefit over the weedy check, significantly better than other treatments.
- Treatment
- atrazine fb 2,4-D EEe0
- Outcome
- benefit cost ratio and increment in benefite0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e0“The benefit cost ratio and increment in benefit over weedy check were highest in atrazine fb 2,4-D EE followed by atrazine and significantly better than other weed management treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential atrazine fb 2,4-D EE was the most effective treatment for controlling weeds, high yielding and economical among the weed control treatments.
- Treatment
- sequential application of atrazine fb 2,4- D EEe0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- controlling weedse0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Comparator
- different weed control treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e0“The sequential application of atrazine fb 2,4- D EE was found to be the most effective in controlling weeds, high yielding and economical among the different weed control treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine applied once as pre-emergence was the next-best option for weed control in spring maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e0“The application of atrazine one time as PE was found to be next better option for weed control in spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
16 weed species belonging to 6 families were identified in the spring maize field.
- Interactor
- weed speciese0weed
- Outcome
- weed speciese0
- Value
- 16 weed species belonging to 6 different familiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e0“16 weed species belonging to 6 different families were identified”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad leaf weeds and grassy weeds were more prominent than sedges.
- Interactor
- broad leaf weedse0weed
- Second interactor
- grassy weedse0weed
- Outcome
- broad leaf weeds and grassy weedse0
- Direction
- more prominente0
- Comparator
- sedgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Maize”
e0“The broad leaf weeds and grassy weeds were more prominent than sedges”
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