Abstract
To propose an appropriate nitrogen application mode and suitable drip irrigation lateral spacing, a field experiment was conducted during 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 growing seasons to quantify the different drip irrigation lateral spacings and nitrogen fertigation strategies effects on winter wheat growth, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) in the North China Plain (NCP). The experiment consisted of three drip irrigation lateral spacing (LS) (40, 60, and 80 cm, referred to as D40, D60, and D80 respectively) and three percentage splits of nitrogen application modes (NAM) (basal and top dressing application ratio as 50:50 (N50:50), 25:75 (N25:75), and 0:100 (N0-100) respectively). The experimental findings depicted that yield and its components, and WUE were markedly affected by LS and NAM. Fertigation of winter wheat at N25:75 NAM notably (P<0.05) increased the grain yield by 4.88%, 1.83% and 8.03%, 4.61%, and WUE by 3.10%, 3.18% and 5.37%, 7.82%, compared with those at NAM N50:50 and N0:100 in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 growing seasons, respectively. LS D40 appeared very fruitful in terms of soil moisture and nitrogen distribution, WUE, grain yield, and yield components than that of other LS levels. The maximum grain yield (8.73 and 9.40 t ha-1) and WUE (1.70 and 1.95 kg m-3) were obtained under D40N25:75 during both growing seasons, which mainly due to that all main yield components in D40N25:75 treatment, such as spikes per unit area, 1000-grain weight, and grains per spike were significantly higher as compared to other treatments. The outcomes of this research may provide a scientific basis of lateral spacing and nitrogen fertigation management for the production of drip-irrigated winter wheat in NCP.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
In 2017-2018, N25:75 increased grain yield by 4.88% relative to N50:50 and by 1.83% relative to N0:100 (P<0.05).
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- N25:75 NAMe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 4.88%, 1.83%e1
- Qualifier
- P<0.05e1
- Comparator
- N50:50 and N0:100e1
- Setting
- 2017-2018e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suitable nitrogen application mode and lateral spacing for drip-irrigated winter wheat in North China Plain”
e1“Fertigation of winter wheat at N25:75 NAM notably (P<0.05) increased the grain yield by 4.88%, 1.83% and 8.03%, 4.61%, and WUE by 3.10%, 3.18% and 5.37%, 7.82%, compared with those at NAM N50:50 and N0:100 in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 growing seasons, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2017-2018, N25:75 increased WUE by 3.10% relative to N50:50 and by 3.18% relative to N0:100 (P<0.05).
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N25:75 NAMe1
- Outcome
- WUEe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 3.10%, 3.18%e1
- Qualifier
- P<0.05e1
- Comparator
- N50:50 and N0:100e1
- Setting
- 2017-2018e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suitable nitrogen application mode and lateral spacing for drip-irrigated winter wheat in North China Plain”
e1“Fertigation of winter wheat at N25:75 NAM notably (P<0.05) increased the grain yield by 4.88%, 1.83% and 8.03%, 4.61%, and WUE by 3.10%, 3.18% and 5.37%, 7.82%, compared with those at NAM N50:50 and N0:100 in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 growing seasons, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2018-2019, N25:75 increased grain yield by 8.03% relative to N50:50 and by 4.61% relative to N0:100 (P<0.05).
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N25:75 NAMe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 8.03%, 4.61%e1
- Qualifier
- P<0.05e1
- Comparator
- N50:50 and N0:100e1
- Setting
- 2018-2019e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suitable nitrogen application mode and lateral spacing for drip-irrigated winter wheat in North China Plain”
e1“Fertigation of winter wheat at N25:75 NAM notably (P<0.05) increased the grain yield by 4.88%, 1.83% and 8.03%, 4.61%, and WUE by 3.10%, 3.18% and 5.37%, 7.82%, compared with those at NAM N50:50 and N0:100 in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 growing seasons, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2018-2019, N25:75 increased WUE by 5.37% relative to N50:50 and by 7.82% relative to N0:100 (P<0.05).
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N25:75 NAMe1
- Outcome
- WUEe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 5.37%, 7.82%e1
- Qualifier
- P<0.05e1
- Comparator
- N50:50 and N0:100e1
- Setting
- 2018-2019e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suitable nitrogen application mode and lateral spacing for drip-irrigated winter wheat in North China Plain”
e1“Fertigation of winter wheat at N25:75 NAM notably (P<0.05) increased the grain yield by 4.88%, 1.83% and 8.03%, 4.61%, and WUE by 3.10%, 3.18% and 5.37%, 7.82%, compared with those at NAM N50:50 and N0:100 in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 growing seasons, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Lateral spacing D40 gave soil moisture and nitrogen distribution, WUE and grain yield that appeared very fruitful compared with other lateral spacings.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- LS D40e2
- Outcome
- soil moisture and nitrogen distribution, WUE, grain yielde2
- Direction
- very fruitfule2
- Comparator
- other LS levelse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suitable nitrogen application mode and lateral spacing for drip-irrigated winter wheat in North China Plain”
e2“LS D40 appeared very fruitful in terms of soil moisture and nitrogen distribution, WUE, grain yield, and yield components than that of other LS levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Lateral spacing D40 gave yield components that appeared very fruitful compared with other lateral spacings.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- LS D40e2
- Outcome
- yield componentse2
- Direction
- very fruitfule2
- Comparator
- other LS levelse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suitable nitrogen application mode and lateral spacing for drip-irrigated winter wheat in North China Plain”
e2“LS D40 appeared very fruitful in terms of soil moisture and nitrogen distribution, WUE, grain yield, and yield components than that of other LS levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Under D40N25:75 the maximum grain yield was 8.73 and 9.40 t ha-1 across both growing seasons.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D40N25:75e3
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 8.73 and 9.40 t ha-1e3
- Qualifier
- during both growing seasonse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suitable nitrogen application mode and lateral spacing for drip-irrigated winter wheat in North China Plain”
e3“The maximum grain yield (8.73 and 9.40 t ha-1) and WUE (1.70 and 1.95 kg m-3) were obtained under D40N25:75 during both growing seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Under D40N25:75 the maximum WUE was 1.70 and 1.95 kg m-3 across both growing seasons.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D40N25:75e3
- Outcome
- WUEe3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 1.70 and 1.95 kg m-3e3
- Qualifier
- during both growing seasonse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suitable nitrogen application mode and lateral spacing for drip-irrigated winter wheat in North China Plain”
e3“The maximum grain yield (8.73 and 9.40 t ha-1) and WUE (1.70 and 1.95 kg m-3) were obtained under D40N25:75 during both growing seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Under D40N25:75 spikes per unit area, 1000-grain weight and grains per spike were significantly higher than under other treatments.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- D40N25:75e4
- Outcome
- spikes per unit area, 1000-grain weight, and grains per spikee4
- Direction
- significantly highere4
- Comparator
- other treatmentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suitable nitrogen application mode and lateral spacing for drip-irrigated winter wheat in North China Plain”
e4“all main yield components in D40N25:75 treatment, such as spikes per unit area, 1000-grain weight, and grains per spike were significantly higher as compared to other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield and its components, and WUE, were markedly affected by lateral spacing and nitrogen application mode.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- LS and NAMe5
- Outcome
- yield and its components, and WUEe5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Suitable nitrogen application mode and lateral spacing for drip-irrigated winter wheat in North China Plain”
e5“yield and its components, and WUE were markedly affected by LS and NAM”
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