Abstract
This study focused on the phytochemcial screening and insecticidal properties/activities of the powdered extracts from three different indigenous spice plants on cowpea weevil Callosobruchusmaculatus. The studied plant were Zingibberofficinale, Allumsativumand Curcumalonga.The plant powders contained the entire nutrient proximate tested such as dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ash, ether extract and nitrogen free extracts. The phytochemcial analysis of these extracts indicated the presence of some chemcial like alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids all of which possess insecticidal properties. Tannin was absent in turmeric while terpenoid was absent in ginger and garlic. In the study,50 weevils were counted in a transparent rectangular cage and introduced to each 200guninfected cowpea in four replicated containers for each plant extract treatment.100g each of the three plant extracts were applied each to four different replicates. Data were subjected for analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% probability level and the percentage mortality, number of holes/punctures on the cowpea, and longevity of death of weevils for each treatments. The highest mortality of the weevil were observed in the ginger treatment while turmeric had the least mortality activity. The ginger powder reduces the mean population introduced (50) to 16.5 (mean number alive) of C. maculatus,when compared to garlic powder (24.8)and turmeric powder (32.4) respectively. The longevity in days of C. maculatusfor ginger and garlic effects were 7 days and turmeric was 14days after application. There wasno mortality recorded in the control experiment for the 42 days. Ginger powder gave the lowest mean number of holes on been seeds (16 ? 1.33)followed by garlic powder (41 ? 2.13) and turmeric powder (83 ? 3.04). The average weight loss was recorded high in control treatment (31.5 ? 1.87) and was significantly high than the bean seeds treated with turmeric powder (25.7 ? 1.67), garlic powder (15.0 ? 1.29) and ginger powder (6.0 ? 0.82) respectively. Therefore the powered extracts from these three research plants represent an alternative to chemical insecticides in preservation of stored cowpea.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Phytochemical analysis of powders of three spice plants indicated alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids.
Verbatim
e0“The phytochemcial analysis of these extracts indicated the presence of some chemcial like alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids”
e1“three different indigenous spice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Tannin was absent in turmeric.
- Taxon
- turmeric
_W_IMG_2440.jpg?width=60)
Curcuma longae0 - Outcome
- Tannin was absente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_W_IMG_2440.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Tannin was absent in turmeric while terpenoid was absent in ginger and garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Terpenoid was absent in ginger and garlic.
- Taxon
- ginger and garlic
Allium sativum
Zingiber officinalee0 - Outcome
- terpenoid was absente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tannin was absent in turmeric while terpenoid was absent in ginger and garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Ginger treatment gave the highest weevil mortality and turmeric the least.
- Taxon
- COWPEA
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- ginger treatmente0
- Outcome
- mortality of the weevile0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- turmerice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“STORED COWPEA SEEDS”
e0“The highest mortality of the weevil were observed in the ginger treatment while turmeric had the least mortality activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Ginger powder reduced the introduced C. maculatus population of 50 to a mean of 16.5 alive.
- Taxon
- COWPEAVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ginger powdere0
- Interactor
- C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- mean number alivee0
- Direction
- reducese0
- Value
- 16.5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“STORED COWPEA SEEDS”
e0“The ginger powder reduces the mean population introduced (50) to 16.5 (mean number alive) of C. maculatus,when compared to garlic powder (24.8)and turmeric powder (32.4) respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic powder reduced the introduced C. maculatus population of 50 to a mean of 24.8 alive.
- Taxon
- COWPEAVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- garlic powdere0
- Interactor
- C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- mean number alivee0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 24.8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“STORED COWPEA SEEDS”
e0“The ginger powder reduces the mean population introduced (50) to 16.5 (mean number alive) of C. maculatus,when compared to garlic powder (24.8)and turmeric powder (32.4) respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Turmeric powder reduced the introduced C. maculatus population of 50 to a mean of 32.4 alive.
- Taxon
- COWPEAVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- turmeric powdere0
- Interactor
- C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- mean number alivee0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 32.4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“STORED COWPEA SEEDS”
e0“The ginger powder reduces the mean population introduced (50) to 16.5 (mean number alive) of C. maculatus,when compared to garlic powder (24.8)and turmeric powder (32.4) respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Weevil longevity was 7 days with ginger and garlic.
- Taxon
- COWPEAVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ginger and garlice0
- Interactor
- C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- longevity in dayse0
- Value
- 7 dayse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“STORED COWPEA SEEDS”
e0“The longevity in days of C. maculatusfor ginger and garlic effects were 7 days and turmeric was 14days after application”
Claim · model-written summary
Weevil longevity was 14 days with turmeric.
- Taxon
- COWPEAVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- turmerice0
- Interactor
- C. maculatuse0pest
- Outcome
- longevity in dayse0
- Value
- 14dayse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“STORED COWPEA SEEDS”
e0“The longevity in days of C. maculatusfor ginger and garlic effects were 7 days and turmeric was 14days after application”
Claim · model-written summary
No weevil mortality was recorded in the control for 42 days.
- Taxon
- COWPEAVigna unguiculatat0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Qualifier
- control experiment for the 42 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“STORED COWPEA SEEDS”
e0“There wasno mortality recorded in the control experiment for the 42 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Ginger powder gave a mean number of holes on the seeds of 16 ? 1.33.
- Taxon
- COWPEAVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Ginger powdere0
- Outcome
- mean number of holese0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 16 ? 1.33e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“STORED COWPEA SEEDS”
e0“Ginger powder gave the lowest mean number of holes on been seeds (16 ? 1.33)followed by garlic powder (41 ? 2.13) and turmeric powder (83 ? 3.04)”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic powder gave a mean number of holes on the seeds of 41 ? 2.13.
- Taxon
- COWPEAVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- garlic powdere0
- Outcome
- mean number of holese0
- Value
- 41 ? 2.13e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“STORED COWPEA SEEDS”
e0“Ginger powder gave the lowest mean number of holes on been seeds (16 ? 1.33)followed by garlic powder (41 ? 2.13) and turmeric powder (83 ? 3.04)”
Claim · model-written summary
Turmeric powder gave a mean number of holes on the seeds of 83 ? 3.04.
- Taxon
- COWPEAVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- turmeric powdere0
- Outcome
- mean number of holese0
- Value
- 83 ? 3.04e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“STORED COWPEA SEEDS”
e0“Ginger powder gave the lowest mean number of holes on been seeds (16 ? 1.33)followed by garlic powder (41 ? 2.13) and turmeric powder (83 ? 3.04)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds treated with turmeric powder had a lower average weight loss (25.7 ? 1.67) than the control.
- Taxon
- COWPEAVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- turmeric powdere0
- Outcome
- average weight losse0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 25.7 ? 1.67e0
- Qualifier
- 31.5 ? 1.87e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“STORED COWPEA SEEDS”
e0“The average weight loss was recorded high in control treatment (31.5 ? 1.87) and was significantly high than the bean seeds treated with turmeric powder (25.7 ? 1.67), garlic powder (15.0 ? 1.29) and ginger powder (6.0 ? 0.82) respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds treated with garlic powder had a lower average weight loss (15.0 ? 1.29) than the control.
- Taxon
- COWPEAVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- garlic powdere0
- Outcome
- average weight losse0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 15.0 ? 1.29e0
- Qualifier
- 31.5 ? 1.87e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“STORED COWPEA SEEDS”
e0“The average weight loss was recorded high in control treatment (31.5 ? 1.87) and was significantly high than the bean seeds treated with turmeric powder (25.7 ? 1.67), garlic powder (15.0 ? 1.29) and ginger powder (6.0 ? 0.82) respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds treated with ginger powder had a lower average weight loss (6.0 ? 0.82) than the control.
- Taxon
- COWPEAVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- ginger powdere0
- Outcome
- average weight losse0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- 6.0 ? 0.82e0
- Qualifier
- 31.5 ? 1.87e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“STORED COWPEA SEEDS”
e0“The average weight loss was recorded high in control treatment (31.5 ? 1.87) and was significantly high than the bean seeds treated with turmeric powder (25.7 ? 1.67), garlic powder (15.0 ? 1.29) and ginger powder (6.0 ? 0.82) respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that powders of these three plants are an alternative to chemical insecticides for preserving stored cowpea.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Outcome
- alternative to chemical insecticides in preservation of stored cowpeae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore the powered extracts from these three research plants represent an alternative to chemical insecticides in preservation of stored cowpea”
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