Abstract
Wax coating is an important means to maintain fruit quality and extend fruit shelf life, especially for climacteric fruits, such as apples ( Malus domestica ). Here, we found that wax coating could inhibit ethylene production, chlorophyll degradation, and carotenoid synthesis, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. The regulatory mechanism of wax coating on apple fruit ripening was determined by subjecting wax-treated apple fruits to transcriptome analysis. RNA-seq revealed that 1,137 and 1,398 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were shown to be related to plant hormones, such as ethylene, auxin, abscisic acid, and gibberellin, as well as genes involved in chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis. Moreover, we found that some genes related to the wax synthesis process also showed differential expression after the wax coating treatment. Among the DEGs obtained from RNA-seq analysis, 15 were validated by quantitative RT-PCR, confirming the results from RNA-seq analysis. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR of pear ( Pyrus ussuriensis ) showed similar changes after wax treatment. Our data suggest that wax coating treatment inhibits fruit ripening through ethylene synthesis and signal transduction, chlorophyll metabolism, and carotenoid synthesis pathways and that waxing inhibits endogenous wax production. These results provide new insights into the inhibition of fruit ripening by wax coating.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Wax coating inhibited ethylene production in apples.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- wax coatinge0
- Outcome
- ethylene productione0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wax coating could inhibit ethylene production, chlorophyll degradation, and carotenoid synthesis”
t0“apples ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax coating inhibited chlorophyll degradation in apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- wax coatinge0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll degradatione0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wax coating could inhibit ethylene production, chlorophyll degradation, and carotenoid synthesis”
t0“apples ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax coating inhibited carotenoid synthesis in apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- wax coatinge0
- Outcome
- carotenoid synthesise0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wax coating could inhibit ethylene production, chlorophyll degradation, and carotenoid synthesis”
t0“apples ( Malus domestica )”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax coating upregulated 1,137 genes in apple fruit.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RNA-seq revealed that 1,137 and 1,398 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively.”
t0“wax coating on apple fruit ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax coating downregulated 1,398 genes in apple fruit.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RNA-seq revealed that 1,137 and 1,398 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively.”
t0“wax coating on apple fruit ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
Differentially expressed genes related to plant hormone and pigment pathways.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- ethylene, auxin, abscisic acid, and gibberelline0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were shown to be related to plant hormones, such as ethylene, auxin, abscisic acid, and gibberellin, as well as genes involved in chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid biosynthesis.”
t0“apple fruit ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax treatment changed expression of genes related to wax synthesis.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- wax coating treatmente0
- Outcome
- genes related to the wax synthesis processe0
- Direction
- differential expressione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“some genes related to the wax synthesis process also showed differential expression after the wax coating treatment.”
t0“apple fruit ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
qRT-PCR validated 15 RNA-seq differential expression results.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- DEGse0
- Value
- 15e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the DEGs obtained from RNA-seq analysis, 15 were validated by quantitative RT-PCR, confirming the results from RNA-seq analysis.”
t0“apple fruit ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
Pear showed similar transcript changes after wax treatment.
- Taxon
- pear
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=60)
Pyrus communise0 - Treatment
- wax treatmente0
- Outcome
- RNA-seq and qRT-PCRe0
- Direction
- similar changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“RNA-seq and qRT-PCR of pear ( Pyrus ussuriensis ) showed similar changes after wax treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that waxing inhibits endogenous wax production.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- waxinge0
- Outcome
- endogenous wax productione0
- Direction
- inhibitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“waxing inhibits endogenous wax production.”
t0“apple fruit ripening”
The same questions in other papers
storage · physiology: hormones · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
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- negative
- negative
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See all 29 papers →storage · physiology: pigments · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.