Abstract
Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals [such as lead (Pb)] is becoming a serious global problem due to the rapid development of the social economy. However, accumulation of Pb in plant parts is very toxic for plant growth and decreases crop yield and productivity. In the present study, we have investigated the different concentrations of Pb in the soil i.e., [0 (no Pb), 50, and 100 mg kg –1 ] to study plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange characteristics, oxidative stress indicators and the response of various antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic), nutritional status of the plant, organic acid exudation pattern and also Pb accumulation in the roots and shoots of the plants of two varieties of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) i.e., Roma and Cchuas, grown under different levels of synergic acid [no spray (NS), water spray (WS), 0.3-0.5°μM]. Results from the present study showed that the increasing levels of Pb in the soil decreased non-significantly ( P < 0.05) shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, soluble sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar contents, calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), iron (Fe 2+ ), and phosphorus (P) contents in the roots and shoots of the plants. However, Pb toxicity also induced oxidative stress in the roots and shoots of the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and electrolyte leakage (EL) which also induced increased the compounds of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and also organic acids exudation pattern in the roots such as fumaric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, malic acid, oxalic acid contents and increased the concentration of Pb in different parts of the plants. Results also show that the Cchuas showed better growth and development compared to Roma, under the same levels of Pb in the soil. The alleviation of Pb toxicity was induced by the application of synergic acid, and results showed that the application of synergic acid increased plant growth and biomass and also increased the gas exchange characteristics and antioxidant capacity in the roots and shoots of the plants. Research findings, therefore, suggested that synergic acid application can ameliorate Pb toxicity in S. lycopersicum varieties and result in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress as depicted by balanced exudation of organic acids.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soil Pb decreased tomato shoot and root growth and biomass.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- increasing levels of Pb in the soile0
- Outcome
- shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing levels of Pb in the soil decreased non-significantly ( P < 0.05) shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soil Pb decreased tomato photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing levels of Pb in the soile0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing levels of Pb in the soil decreased non-significantly ( P < 0.05) shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soil Pb decreased tomato sugar contents.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing levels of Pb in the soile0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing levels of Pb in the soil decreased non-significantly ( P < 0.05) shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, soluble sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar contents”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soil Pb decreased root and shoot mineral contents.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- increasing levels of Pb in the soile0
- Outcome
- calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), iron (Fe 2+ )e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing levels of Pb in the soil decreased non-significantly ( P < 0.05) shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, soluble sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar contents, calcium (Ca 2+ ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), iron (Fe 2+ ), and phosphorus (P) contents in the roots and shoots of the plants.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb toxicity increased MDA, hydrogen peroxide and electrolyte leakage in roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Pb toxicitye0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and electrolyte leakage (EL)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb toxicity also induced oxidative stress in the roots and shoots of the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and electrolyte leakage (EL)”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb toxicity increased antioxidant compounds.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Pb toxicitye0
- Outcome
- compounds of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb toxicity also induced oxidative stress in the roots and shoots of the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and electrolyte leakage (EL) which also induced increased the compounds of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb toxicity increased root organic acid exudation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Pb toxicitye0
- Outcome
- organic acids exudation patterne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb toxicity also induced oxidative stress in the roots and shoots of the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and electrolyte leakage (EL) which also induced increased the compounds of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and also organic acids exudation pattern in the roots such as fumaric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, malic acid, oxalic acid contents”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb toxicity increased Pb concentration in plant parts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Pb toxicitye0
- Outcome
- concentration of Pbe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb toxicity also induced oxidative stress in the roots and shoots of the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and electrolyte leakage (EL) which also induced increased the compounds of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and also organic acids exudation pattern in the roots such as fumaric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, malic acid, oxalic acid contents and increased the concentration of Pb in different parts of the plants.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cchuas grew better than Roma at matched soil Pb levels.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Cchuase0
- Outcome
- growth and developmente0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- Romae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Cchuas showed better growth and development compared to Roma, under the same levels of Pb in the soil.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Synergic acid application increased tomato growth and biomass under Pb stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- application of synergic acide0
- Outcome
- plant growth and biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of synergic acid increased plant growth and biomass”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Synergic acid application increased gas exchange and antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- application of synergic acide0
- Outcome
- gas exchange characteristics and antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of synergic acid increased plant growth and biomass and also increased the gas exchange characteristics and antioxidant capacity in the roots and shoots of the plants.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
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